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Journal of Elementology

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VOLUME 15 - NUMBER 4 - DECEMBER  2010

Renata Gaj

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION LEVEL ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WINTER WHEAT AND ON YIELD DURING CRITICAL GROWTH STAGE

Key words: winter wheat, potassium rate, nutritional status, the beginning of shooting.

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An optimum plant crop nutrition status during critical stages of growth is one of the most important factors shaping their ability to yield. It has been assumed that plant nutrition during the spring wheat stem elongation stage has a significant influence on the growth and yield of this crop. In Poland, potassium is a critical nutrient for plant growth and yielding. In order to verify this hypothesis, three series of one factorial experiment were conducted in 2003-2005 that involved reduced rates of potassium applied to cv. Zyta winter wheat. The following rates of potassium were applied: 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha^–1. The assessment of wheat nutritional status was conducted at the beginning of stem elongation (BBCH30/31) using a German model called PIPPA. It had been hypothesized that this particular stage was decisive for wheat growth and yielding. Wheat plants showed deficiency in Ca, K, P and N irrespective of the applied potassium rate. Calcium and potassium deficiencies were crucial for the final grain yield. However, the relationships that occurred between nitrogen and main nutrients, i.e. pairs of nutrients such as N: P, N: K, N: Ca, showed a much better prognostic value, i.e. the relationship with grain yield, than the levels of nutrients in separation. The nitrogen content in leaves at the beginning of shooting showed its limiting effect on grain yield, provided that Ca was deficient, an event which appeared when N: Ca was wider that 34: 1. The same correlation was noticed for potassium, but there the excess of nitrogen revealed its harmful effect when the N:K ratio was above 1.0.

Krzysztof Gondek

ZINC AND CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND THE CONCENTRATION OF MOBILE FORMS OF THESE METALS IN SOIL AFTER APPLICATION OF FARMYARD MANURE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE

Key words: zinc, cadmium, maize, soil, sewage sludge, farmyard manure.

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The total content of heavy metals in soil does not indicate bioavailability of these elements after introduction of sewage sludge to soil. Determination of the rate of heavy metal mobilization from sewage sludge after its application to soil is very important for agricultural practice since it allows us to asses the rate at which these elements pass into the soil solution, which conditions their uptake by plants. This research has been conducted to assess the effect of farmyard manure and sewage sludge fertilization on the amounts of zinc and cadmium absorbed by maize and the content of their mobile forms in soil. The research consisted of a three-year pot experiment. Farmyard manure and sewage sludge fertilization resulted in larger total yields of maize biomass (for the 3-year period of the investigations) than harvested from the treatments where only mineral compounds were used as fertilizers. Irrespectively of the fertilizer dose, the total (for 3 years) amounts of zinc and cadmium absorbed by maize were the highest in the treatments where only mineral salts were added and Zn and Cd quantities taken up by maize in the first year of the experiment contributed to this result. Fertilization with farmyard manure and sewage sludge did not cause any significant mobilization of mobile zinc and cadmium forms in soil after the first year of the research. As a result of organic matter mineralization and progressing soil acidification, in the second and third year of the research, the content of mobile forms of the elements in soil increased, although to a lesser degree than under the influence of exclusively mineral treatment.

Sławomir Krzebietke, Stanisław Sienkiewicz

EFFECT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH ANTHRACENE AND PYRENE ON YIELD AND ACCUMULATION OF MACRONUTRIENTS IN BUTTER LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.)

Key words: Lactuca sativa L., macronutrients, anthracene, pyrene, soil, fertilizer rates.

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Toxic compounds which belong to PAHs are generated during all types of combustion of fuels and other substances as well as a result of natural processes (mineralisation). Products which appear during the above processes eventually reach soil, where they accumulate. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the effect of anthracene and pyrene accumulated in soil on yield, concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na) and their uptake by cv. Vilmorin butter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under the minimum and 3-fold enriched abundance of substrate. A pot experiment in four replicates was carried out twice in a greenhouse at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, in the spring of 2007 and 2008. Supplementary fertilisation was applied before planting butter lettuce. At the first rate of fertilisation, nitorgen was introduced in a full dose before planting lettuce, but at the triple rate of nutrients in substrate, it was divided into 2/3 of the dose before planting and the remaining 1/3 applied to soil 10 days after planting. Soil contamination with anthracene (ANT) and pyrene (PYR) or their mixture started 10 days after planting lettuce. Soil application of the two PAHs was performed 5 times at five-day intervals until the end of the growing season of lettuce. Determination of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na) was accomplished with standard methods after mineralisation (H₂SO₄+H₂O₂) of the plant material dried at 60°C. The determinations were peformed in comparison to certified material (CTA-VTL-2). Increasing the abundance of substrate in nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl) by three-fold led to a 13.7% increase in yield of lettuce heads. The PAH compounds present in the substrate depressed lettuce yield. This tendency was more evident when anthracene rather than pyrene contaminated soil. ANT and PYR depressed the concentration of nitrogen but raised the concentration of calcium in substrate less abundant in nutrients.

Bartosz Markiewicz, Anna Golcz

EFFECT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON YIELDING AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF FRUITS OF AUBERGINE (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.)

Key words: aubergine,  fertilization, biological value.

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A plant growing experiment was conducted in 2002-2003 on the aubergine cultivars Epic F₁ and Solara F₁ grown in an unheated polyethylene tunnel greenhouse at the Experimental Station in Marcelin, the University of Life Sciences in Poznań. Seedlings were planted on May 15 on beds at a 0.5 × 0.5 m spacing, i.e. 4 plants m^–2, into 6 dm3 cylinders filled with a mixture, limed to pH(H₂O) = 6.5, of mineral soil (light loamy sand containing 12% clay fraction – deposited on medium-heavy loam) with highmoor peat from Lithuania (v : v = 4 : 1). Basic fertilization – pre-vegetation and top dressing with macronutrients, based on an analysis of the substrate using the universal method in 0.03 M CH₃COOH, was determined to attain the assumed levels: L (N – 200, P – 175, K – 330 mg dm^–3), S (N – 300, P – 265, K – 500 mg dm^–3), H (N – 400, P – 350, K – 665 mg dm^–3), while maintaining the N : P : K ratio at 1 : 0.9 : 1.7. The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a fertilization level and cultivar on the yield and biological value of fruits of aubergine grown on a mixture of mineral soil with highmoor peat (v : v – 4 : 1).  The total yield, number of fruits and weight of individual fruits were determined. Significant effect was found for the fertilization level and cultivar on the total yield, mean number of fruits and weight of a single aubergine fruit. Fruits of cv. Epic F₁ aubergine contained more vitamin C than fruits of cv. Solara F₁. In both years, the solids content in fruits of the two aubergine cultivars ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 %. A higher mean dry matter content in aubergine fruits was recorded in cv. Solara F₁.

Rita Mehra, Amit Singh Thakur

ASSESSMENT OF METAL HAZARD TAKING HAIR AS AN INDICATOR OF TRACE ELEMENT EXPOSURE TO WORKERS IN OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Key words: hair, mental stress, trace elements, occupational environment, health hazards.

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The use of biological tissues as diagnostic tools of trace element level for recognising the disease status of an exposed human population is an important area of investigation. Quantitative analysis of 10 trace elements viz lead, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, and zinc in the human body was performed using hair as biopsy material. In the present investigation, workers in a roadways workshop, locomotive workshop and Pb battery units were included as subjects. Head hair samples were collected from the nape region of the skull. Subsequent to sampling of hair, a questionnaire recommended by the World Health Organization was filled in order to obtain details about the subjects regarding occupation, duration of exposure, medical history, etc. Concentration of elements in hair was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Workers under mental stress were treated as cases and workers without any symptoms of mental stress were chosen as controls. Significant difference in concentration of lead, calcium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc was found in hair of subjects with mental stress than those of controls. Concentration of chromium and iron was found higher in hair of subjects with mental stress but this difference was not significant with respect to controls.

Wiera Sądej, Anna Namiotko

CONTENT OF ZINC IN PLANTS FERTILIZED WITH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND URBAN GREEN WASTE COMPOSTS

Key words: municipal solid waste, urban green waste, compost, zinc, plant, soil.

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In a vegetation experiment, the effect of composts made from unsorted municipal solid waste and urban green waste on the content of zinc in plants has been analyzed. The municipal waste composts matured in heaps for 1, 3 and 6 months. They were applied in three rates: 10, 20 and 30 g kg^–1 of soil. The compost made of urban green waste aged in a pile for 6 months and was added to soil in the amount of 10 g kg^–1 of soil. It has been determined that the content of zinc in plants was varied and depended on the type and rates of compost used as well as the species of crops. Application of higher rates of composts did not invariably result in an increased concentration of zinc in plant tissues; on the contrary, in some cases the level of zinc determined in fertilized plants was lower than in the control. Much more elevated concentrations of zinc were found after the application of fresh compost made of municipal waste (maturing for one month in a heap). Fertilization of maize and barley with urban green waste compost produced a more favourable result than the application of analogous rates of municpal solid waste compost, as the plants contained less zinc. With respect to the other test plants, such as sunflower, mustard and phacelia, the application of composted green matter caused a considerable increase in the content of zinc, as compared with the treatments fertilized with composted municipal waste, at the same fertilization rates.

Przemysław Sobiech, Krzysztof Rypuła, Barbara Wojewoda-Kotwica, Sylwester Michalski

USEFULNESS OF CALCIUM-MAGNESIUM PRODUCTS IN PARTURIENT PARESIS IN HF COWS

Key words: cow, parturient paresis, calcium-magnesium, Glucalvet, Antiparen-N.

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The increased milk yield in dairy cattle has made it increasingly difficult to balance accurately the feed ration. This results in energy and mineral deficiencies as well as various homeostasis disorders including calcium and magnesium balance disorders, which in turn lead to metabolic disorders. In our study, we chose to assess the therapeutic efficacy of two most popular products of this type i.e. Glucalvet (Vetoquinol Biowet) and Antiparen-N (Vetoquinol Biowet). The study was conducted on 33 HF cows dipslaying symptoms of post-parturient paresis that occurred between 2 and 4 day postpartum. The cows were divided into two groups: group A and group B, which were administered Glucalvet and Antiparen-N, respectively. Blood samples were taken twice from the jugular vein of each animal – just before and 24 hours after drug administration. The samples were used to determine serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Cl and glucose. The average body temperature in both groups was slightly below normal and statistically significantly increased 24 hours after the intravenous infusion. The same tendency was observed for the pulse rate. The magnesium levels in the first group improved significantly after drug administration but its level was still lower than the physiological range. In the second group of animals, a slight drop in the Mg level after the Antiparen-N administration. Levels of Ca and P increased in both group of animals after the treatment. The average chloride concentration was similar for both assays. The serum glucose concentration increased significantly in both groups of animals after drug administration. Summing up, the study presented in this paper indicates that Glucalvet and Antiparen-N prove to be useful in the treatment of post-parturient paresis conditioned by Ca and Mg deficiency.

Ryszard Staniszewski, Józef Szoszkiewicz

CHANGES IN THE QUALITY OF WATER IN BRDOWSKIE LAKE IN 1997-2006

Key words: water quality indicators, phosphorus, Brdowskie Lake, Kujawskie Lakeland, Province of Wielkopolska, water level fluctuations.

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Most lakes in Poland are shallow and vulnerable to degradation mostly due to lake morphology and landscape structure. Other factors, like discharged sewage, internal loading and human activities in the watershed are also important. During studies on Brdowskie Lake, water samples were taken twice a year (spring and summer season) from the surface layer and analyses of soluble reactive phosphates, total phosphorus, nitrates, conductivity, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, dry mass of seston and Secchi depth were undertaken. Brdowskie Lake is situated in Kujawskie Lakeland and its catchment basin covers about 155.3 km². The littoral vegetation is dominated by reed bed with a minor presence of other taxa. The lake is very susceptible to degradation (morphology, agricultural lands, housing) and has several potential sources of pollution, e.g. Noteć River, a nameless stream and summer houses. In general, water quality of the lake was better during the spring season, especially in terms of chlorophyll a and dry mass of seston concentrations. In 1997-2006, the level of conductivity was very changeable with the maximum values observed in 1999-2001. Significant correlations between some parameters in certain seasons of the year were found, e.g. between chlorophyll a and Secchi depth during spring and total phosphorus and phosphates in summer. The impact of water level fluctuations on water quality parameters, like total phosphorus and chlorophyll a was observed. According to the results, the quality water in Brdowskie Lake is improving. After a biological wastewater treatment plant in the catchment had opened, the rate of salts flowing into the lake with sewage was reduced.

Sławomir Szymczyk, Jan Pawluczuk, Arkadiusz Stępień

SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF MINERAL NITROGEN IN GROUNDWATER OF HYDROGENIC SOILS

Key words: mineral nitrogen, groundwater, meadow, pasture, biogenic substances, peat-muck soil.

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Agricultural use of land on hydrogenic soils is associated with lowering the groundwater level, which intensifies the processes of organic matter mineralisation and, in effect, releases large amounts of mineral nitrogen. The aim of the study was to determine the seasonal variability of the concentrations of nitrogen mineral compounds (N-NO₂, N-NO₃ and N-NH₄) in groundwater under extensively managed peat-muck soils, situated in Wrocikowo in the Olsztyn Lakeland and in the Dymerskie Meadows in the Mrągowo Lakeland. Peat-muck soil, found at the study sites, had varied physical properties. The highest content of mineral particles (69.3%) in the muck layer was found in soil marked as MtI 120gy under turf-covered wasteland, and in the peat layer (51.5%) – in soil marked as MtII 60gy under extensively managed meadow. Groundwater taken from piezometers installed in hydrogenic soils was used as the study material. Water for chemical determinations was taken during four seasons: spring – in May, summer – in August, autumn – in November and winter – in January. The concentration of mineral forms of nitrogen in groundwater of peat-muck soil was found to depend on its type, the depth where the groundwater was found and the type of soil use. The highest concentration of mineral nitrogen was found in summer (1.62 mg dm^–3 on average), and the lowest (1.11 mg dm^–3 on average) was found in winter. The concentration of mineral nitrogen in groundwater of extensively managed peat-muck soil ranged from 0.81 to 2.27 mg dm^–3 and was found to be dependent on the type of soil rather than its use. Lowering the level of groundwater in peat-muck soil increases the concentration of mineral forms of nitrogen, especially N-NH₄. Ammonium nitrogen was the dominant form of nitrogen in the groundwater of peat-muck soil (MtII 60gy and MtI 120gy) of non-managed and extensively managed meadows, whereas nitrate nitrogen was the dominant form of the element in the MtIc 35gy soil under the meadow and the MtII bb under the pasture.

Marta Wardas, Urszula Aleksander-Kwaterczak, Szymon Jusik, Beata Hryc, Tomasz Zgoła, Marcin Sztuka, Magdalena Kaczmarska, Michał Mazurek

AN ATTEMPT TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOPRESSURE ON THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF URBANISED WATERCOURSES OF KRAKOW CONURBATION AND THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED*

Key words: ecological state, watercourse, sediments, macrophytes.

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Rivers and streams in cities are treated as urbanised watercourses because of their significant transformation. Their load, channeling and incorporation into the water-sewerage infrastructure are often so considerable that such watercourses can hardly be recognised as an intrinsic component of surface waters. Anthropopressure, as reflected in quantitative and qualitative degradation caused by flow regulation and economic development in the drainage basin area, makes evaluation of the impact of human activity on the aquatic environment somewhat difficult. Based on the recommendations of the Water Framework Directive, an attempt has been made to assess the ecological state of selected tributaries of the Prądnik-Białucha River within the Krakow Conurbation. Aquatic environment sampling of the Sudół Dominikański (Rozrywka) watercourse was performed (September 2005) in order to determine some physicochemical, chemical and biological parameters, paying particular attention to macrophytes. The parameters measured on site: pH, electrolytic conductivity and Eh of water and bottom sediments, and sozological observations, were subjected to analysis. In the laboratory, concentrations of heavy metals, both in water and in solid particles (sediments and suspended matter) and anions in water were determined. The environmental state of the Sudół Dominikański watercourse was compared with that in the area of the Prądnik-Białucha River valley, for which an assessment had been conducted in the previous year (September 2004).

Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Teresa Bowszys

EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE MINERAL BALANCE IN SPRING TRITICALE

Key words: spring triticale, mineral balance, growth regulators.

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It is assumed that progress in cultivar breeding corresponds to over 50% of the increase in cereal yields. Among possible ways of improving the success of fertilisation and, consequently, increasing yields and enhancing the mineral balance in crops is the application of growth regulators. The purpose of this study has been to assess the effect of growth regulators and their doses on the mineral balance in spring triticale. The research was based on a two-factor pot experiment, completed in four replicates. The experiment was carried out in Kick-Brauckmann pots filled with light soil of slightly acidic reaction and highly abundant in available forms of P, moderately abundant in K and poor in Mg. Mineral fertilisation per pot consisted of 1.5 g N, 2.0 g K and 0.25 g Mg. Nitrogen and potassium were applied in two rates – half the complete dose before sowing and the remaining amount as top dressing during the stem elongation phase. All the rate of magnesium was introduced to soil before sowing. Prior to sowing the tested cereal, grain of cv. Migo spring triticale was soaked for 24 hours in water (control) or in aqueous solutions of growth regulators: IBA (indole butyric acid), NAA (a-naphthaleneacetic acid), BAP (benzyl adenine): 5, 10, 20 mg dm^–3; GA3 (gibberellin acid): 20, 40, 80 mg dm^–3 and Tria (triacontanol): 0.1, 0.2, 0.2 mg dm^–3. Spring triticale was harvested in the full maturity stage. An increase in the total nitrogen concentration in grain ranged from 6% following an application of GA3 to 15% after using NAA. Owing to its increased concentration and higher yield of triticale, the accumulation of nitrogen in grain increased by about 20% in plants treated with NAA and by 15-17% when the seed material was dressed with Tria, BAP or GA3. IBA produced the weakest effect, increasing the accumulation of this nutrient in grain by just 8%. This effect was obtained mainly by improved remobilisation and transport of N from vegetative parts to grain. The contribution of grain to nitrogen accumulation varied from 63% (control) to 71-73% after an application of the tested growth regulators. Under the influence of IBA, the concentration of potassium (by 14%) and the share of straw in potassium accumulation increased. In respect of the other macronutrients, the influence of growth regulators was less evident.

Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Cezary Purwin, Barbara Pysera, Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Janusz Gołaszewski

YIELDS AND QUALITY OF GREEN FORAGE FROM RED CLOVER DI- AND TETRAPLOID FORMS

Key words: red clover, forage quality.

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The purpose of the study has been to determine the yield, chemical composition and nutritive value of green forage from di- and tetraploid forms of red clover grown in different seed density regimes. The yield of green forage was analysed in the first year of full use, in 2003 and 2004, having cut the plants in the early inflorescence phase (1st cut). In green forage samples, the following were determined: basic chemical composition, concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), fibre fractions (NDF, ADF and ADL) and macronutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca, Na). The nutritive value of green forage was expressed according to the INRA 1988 system. The yield of green matter from the tetraploid cultivars Bona and Jubilatka was higher than from the diploid cultivars Krynia and Parada. The cultivar Bona distinguished itself by its highest average yield of green matter, dry matter, total protein and net energy. The dry matter content was the most variable green forage quality characteristic. In both years, green forage from the diploid cultivars contained more dry matter than the one made from the tetraploid varieties. At the same time, seed density did not have any significant influence on the differentiation of green forage yields. Green forage from the two diploid cultivars was characterised by a similar energy and protein value and a better fill unit value (better potential intake by ruminants). The concentrations of phorphorus, potassium and calcium in green forage from the diploid forms were slightly higher compared to the tetraploid forms, unlike the level of magnesium, which was slightly lower. Irrespectively of the polidy level, the concentration of macronutrients, except phosphorus, was higher in the first year of the study. Considering the nutritional requirements of animals, green forage from the analysed red clover cultivars was characterised by an inadequate level of magnesium, deficient amount of sodium and an improper Ca:P ratio. The results suggest that diploid forms of red clover can potentially generate a higher nutrititive value than tetraploid ones.

Witold Grzebisz, Katarzyna Przygocka-Cyna, Witold Szczepaniak, Jean Diatta, Jarosław Potarzycki

MAGNESIUM AS A NUTRITIONAL TOOL OF NITROGEN EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT – PLANT PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENT

Key words: sustainable agriculture, nitrogen productivity, crop plants, magnesium, soil fertility, aluminum bio-toxicity, environment protection.

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Nowadays, the main objectives of plant crop growers aim at two targets (i) increasing food production and (ii) simultaneously, reducing the environmental impact of increasing fertilizer nitrogen consumption. On a global scale, fertilizer nitrogen recovery ranges from 33 to 50%. The required efforts stimulating production but protecting the environment focus on increasing unit productivity of fertilizer N. Magnesium, owing to its biological functions in plants, should play a much more important role In modern agriculture controlling N economy of crop plants and, consequently, nitrogen dispersion in the environment. In Poland, arable soils are generally poor in total and available magnesium. This state can be considered as indicating the necessity of applying magnesium and then maintaining a well-feed plant nutritional status of growing crops. Crops well supplied with magnesium since the beginning of their growth, as seen from studies on the response of sugar beets and maize, are in a position to increase nitrogen unit productivity. Cereals respond to Mg supply when a dressing treatment takes place just before the onset of flowering. Another factor significantly affecting fertilizer nitrogen recovery in Poland is soil pH. Acid soils fertilized with Mg contain increased soil exchangeable Mg levels, which in turn depress the pressure of toxic aluminum on growing crops. Improvement of the plant Mg nutritional status enables plants to incorporate some of potentially residual N into biomass, increasing biomass yield. It can therefore be concluded that magnesium, owing to its ameliorating function in arable soils, meets the main requirement of sustainable nitrogen management, both in agriculture and in the environment.

VOLUME 15 - NUMBER 3 - SEPTEMBER  2010

Iryna N. Andrusishina

DIAGNOSTIC VALUES OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM FORMS DETERMINED IN HUMAN SERUM AND SALIVA

Key words: calcium, magnesium, serum, saliva, forms of elements, atomic absorption spectrometry.

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Calcium and magnesium are known to be necessary for the normal function of various systems in animal and human organisms. There are many diseases caused by abnormal concentration of electrolytes, e.g. arterial hypertension or nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Mb. Alzheimer or Mb. Parkinson. The mechanisms of homeostasis indicate only the ionized forms of these elements. It is known that ionized calcium serves as an endocellular intermediary in action of enzymes and hormones in cells. Therefore, it is very important to define levels of total and ionized forms of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in blood serum and saliva by the method of atomic absorption spectrometry and to show their diagnostic value for various pathological conditions of a human body. The 39 persons, aged 21 to 47 years take part in these investigations. The results of determinations of calcium and magnesium forms present in human serum and saliva, representing physiological states are presented. The age and daily fluctuations of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ content in serum and saliva were studied by atomic absorption spectrometry. The levels of non albumin forms of these elements were found by FAAS. The significance of determination of calcium and magnesium levels in serum and saliva under various pathological conditions (arterial hypertension and osteoporosis) was shown.

Jacek Antonkiewicz

EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FURNACE WASTE ON THE CONTENT OF SELECTED ELEMENTS IN THE SWARD OF LEGUME-GRASS MIXTURE

Key words: sewage sludge, ash, Mg, Ca, K, Na, P, grass mixtures.

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Industrial landfills resulting from operations of various industries, particularly power generation, create specific habitat conditions for flora. Among the waste which may be used for recultivation of dumping heaps there is sewage sludge, which contains a considerable amount of nutrients crucial for plants. This investigation aimed at identification of the effect of sewage sludge and furnace ashes on the content of selected elements in a mixture of grass and white clover recommended for furnace ash heap recultivation. The experimental design comprised 6 treatments (each in four replications), which differed in a dose of the supplied sewage sludge and furnace ashes: 1) control (without waste admixture), 2) 200 t d.m. of sewage sludge, 3) 200 t d.m. of ash, 4) 150 t d.m. of sludge + 50 t d.m. of ash, 5) 50 t d.m. of ash + 150 t d.m. of ash, 6) 100 t d.m. of ash + 100 t d.m. of ash. The content of macroelements in plants depended on the treatment and ranged from 2.58-31.2 g Mg, 3.16-5.85 g Ca, 16.95-18.46 g K, 0.26-1.25 g Na and 2.27-3.37 g P kg^–1 d.m. Plants grown exclusively on furnace ashes had the highest content of Mg, Ca and K, whereas the highest P and Na concentrations were noted in plants cultivated exclusively on sewage sludge. While assessing the content of macroelements in the plant mixture in view of its fodder value, it was found that the content of Mg and K met the standards set for good quality feeds, the amounts of Ca and Na were below the optimum, whereas the P concentration was close to the optimum value.

Agata Bartkowiak, Jacek Długosz

THE EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN ALLUVIAL SOILS FORMED FROM CALCAREOUS SINTER IN THE UNISŁAWSKI BASIN

Key words: soil, cation capacity, exchangeable cations.

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The samples were taken from 7 profiles of alluvial soils formed from varied gytias on calcareous sinter. The research concerned determination of composition of exchangeable cations and basic saturation. In the analysed soils, lithologic discontinuities in the profile structure were observed. The calcareous sinter located in the lower part of the profile caused characteristic water properties and occurrence of gleyic process. The investigated soil profiles were varied in their morphological structure and physicochemical properties. Fluctuations in the content of carbonates, organic mater and non-carbonate mineral substance confirmed the existence of several cycles in the formation of these soils. The basic saturation (S) of the analysed soils ranged between 287.4 and 2238.7 mmol(+) kg^–1. The highest values were detected in gytia horizons (gyd), and the lowest ones - in gleyic horizons (G). The dominant cation in sorption complex of all horizons was calcium, and its highly differentiated content ranged from 245.3 to 2089.6 mmol(+) kg^–1. Magnesium was the second most abundant cation in sorption complex. The content of Mg²⁺ ranged from 19.4 mmol(+) kg^–1 in clay-lime gytia horizons to 143.5 mmol(+) kg^–1 in lime gytia horizons. The lowest in the content among exchangeable cations in the analysed samples was potassium (0.6-12.9 mmol(+) kg^–1). Our comparison of the divalent cation content (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and monovalent cation content (Na⁺, K⁺) showed significant instability of the balance between these groups of cations, which was confirmed by a very wide range of the ratio (21.3-333.1) calculated between these two groups of cations. The amount of alkaline cations in the analysed soilsfollowed this order: Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺.

Iwona Domagała-Świątkiewicz, Włodzimierz Sady

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, B AND Mo AVAILABILITY IN COMMERCIALLY GROWN WHITE HEAD CABBAGE

Key words: white cabbage, nitrogen fertilization, method of N application, micronutrient content.

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The results of three-year investigations with cv. Galaxy F₁ cabbage grown commercially in an important agricultural region of South Poland are presented. The effect of the rate of ammonium sulphate and UAN (solution of ammonium nitrate + urea), the method of application (placement and broadcast technique) and foliar fertilization (urea and Supervit K) on Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, B and Mo concentrations in edible parts of cabbage were surveyed. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the rate of 120 kg N ha^–1. With the placement fertilization method, fertilizer was applied in rows 10 cm deep and 10 cm away from each plant when seedlings were transplanted. Foliar sprayings started at the beginning of intensive leaf growth and continued during the growing season at two-week interval. The foliar nutrition with 2% urea was carried out 3 times and 1% Supervit K was applied once. The field experiment was carried out in 2005-2007 with cv. Galaxy F₁ white cabbage on silty clay soil containing 0.91-1.02% organic carbon and soil acidity pH(H₂O) 7.18-8.21 Micronutrient concentrations were below the lower range of the content reported for cabbage grown in non-contaminated areas. Ammonium sulphate significantly increased Mn and Fe concentrations in cabbage heads and decreased B and Mo content. However, the environmental factors considerably modified this tendency. The method of N application affected Mn content in cabbage in 2007 and Mo in 2006 and 2007. Slightly higher manganese and molybdenum concentrations for placement fertilization were noted. In 2005 and 2006, the placement fertilization at the rate of 75% N and supplemented foliar sprays increased Mo content in cabbage.

Anna Francke

THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM FERTILIZATION ON THE MACRONUTRIENT CONTENT OF PEPINO DULCE (SOLANUM MURICATUM AIT.) FRUIT

Key words: Solanum muricatum, magnesium fertilization, macronutrients.

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Pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum Ait.) of the family Solanaceae is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Andes. Pepino dulce fruit can be harvested at different stages of ripeness. As the majority of vegetables of the family Solanaceae, the fruit is abundant in potassium. Since there are no fertilizer recommendations for pepino dulce grown under cover, a study was launched to determine the fertilizer requirements of this vegetable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing magnesium rates and fruit ripeness stages on macronutrient content and ratios in the fruit of pepino dulce cv. Konsuelo. A two-factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted in 2005-2007, in a tall, unheated, plastic tunnel at the Experimental Garden of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Pepino dulce was propagated by cuttings taken from stock plants grown from seeds in 2004. The rooted cuttings were transferred to Kick-Brauchman pots filled with 9 dm³ mineral soil with pH 6.8. Experimental factors were as follows: I – Mg rates: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g Mg plant^–1, II – fruit ripeness stages: ripe fruit showing a typical fully ripe color (yellowish-purple, yellow, cream), unripe green-colored fruit that has reached a typical form and size. The experiment was performed in four replications, and each replication comprised a pot with a single plant. Every pot was fertilized with 2 g N applied as CO(NH₂)₂, 3 g K applied as K₂SO₄ and increasing rates of Mg applied as MgSO₄×7 H₂O. Non-fertilized plants served as a control treatment. The plants were pruned for two stems. Fruit samples for chemical analyses were collected at full ripening (in mid-August). The concentrations of organic N, P, K, Ca and Mg in pepino fruit were determined, and the following weight ratios were calculated: Ca:P, Ca:Mg, K:Mg, K:(Ca+Mg), K:Ca. The results of chemical analyses were processed statistically by an analysis of variance (ANOVA), using Statistica 8.0 software. The highest total nitrogen and potassium levels were noted in the fruit of plants fertilized with the lowest magnesium rate (0.5 g Mg per plant), while the fruit of plants fertilized with the highest magnesium rate (1.5 g Mg per plant) accumulated the highest amounts of calcium and magnesium. The highest phosphorus content was reported in the fruit of non-fertilized plants. Fully ripe fruit contained significantly more nitrogen an magnesium, while unripe fruit had a higher content of phosphorus, potassium and calcium. An adequate Ca:Mg ratio, a narrow Ca:P ratio and wide K:Mg, K:(Ca+Mg) and K:Ca ratios were observed in all treatments.

Witold Grzebisz, Remigiusz Łukowiak, Maria Biber, Katrzyna Przygocka-Cyna

EFFECT OF MULTI-MICRONUTRIENT FERTILIZERS APPLIED TO FOLIAGE ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE

AND DEVELOPMENT OF YIELD FORMING ELEMENTS

Key words: oilseed rape, multi-micronutrient fertilizer, macronutrient content, yield structure elements.

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Yields of oilseed rape harvested by farmers in Poland are usually much below the attainable potential of currently cultivated varieties, mainly because of the insufficient supply of nutrients during the yield foundation period, which determines the final number of secondary branches. This situation is typical of whole Poland, but may take place even on farms where high yields are harvested, for example in 2007. In 2006, 2007 and 2008, the year effect of multi-micronutrient fertilizers on yield of seeds, elements of yield structure and macronutrient content was studied.  Multi-micronutrient fertilizers were applied twice over oilseed rape foliage during its pre-anthesis growth (BBCH45 and 53). In 2007, due to a drought in April, the harvested yields of seeds were below the country’s average. However, in each year of the study, a significant increase in the seed yield owing to the foliar application of multi-micronutrient fertilizers was found. The increase in the yield of seeds, averaged for the three years, reached 0.486 t ha^–1 for the NPK+MiMo treatment (full set of micronutrients) and 0.36 t ha^–1 for the NPK + Mi treatment (without molybdenum). The increments of the oilseed rape yield resulted from an increased number of developed secondary branches. This yield-forming element was an indirect result of the application of multi-micronutrient fertilizers, which affected the nitrogen economy by oilseed rape plants during the foundation period of their growth. At the same time, the increase in seed yield was significantly modified by the total number of developed pods, which is shaped during the yield-forming period of oilseed rape crop growth. Under conditions of the study, the magnesium content in secondary branches was found to be an element significantly correcting their number, thus increasing the yield of seeds.

Witold Grzebisz, Katrzyna Przygocka-Cyna, Remigiusz Łukowiak, Maria Biber

AN EVALUATION OF MACRONUTRIENT NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SUGAR BEETS IN CRITICAL STAGES OF GROWTH IN RESPONSE
TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MULTI-MICRONUTRIENT FERTILIZERS

Key words: sugar beet, macronutrient content, critical stages of growth, DRIS indices, multi-microelement fertilizers.

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The actual yields of sugar beets harvested by farmers in Poland are much below the yielding potential of currently cultivated varieties, even when grown on fertile soils. Deficiency of micronutrients can be considered as a factor which prohibits reaching a state of nutrient balance, especially in nitrogen, by a crop. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of foliar application of multi-microelement fertilizers on a sugar beet nutritional status in early stages of canopy growth and, in turn, on yields of taproots and recoverable sugar. For this purpose, in two growing seasons, 2005 and 2006, eight field trials were set up in the region of Wielkopolska on fertile soils originated from sandy loam. A simple experimental design comprised three treatments: (1) control (a plot fertilized only with NPK), and (2) multi-microelement fertilizer composed of cations (Mi), (3) cations plus boron (MiB). It has been found that the applied micronutrient fertilizers had a significant effect, irrespectively of the field location and seasonal yield variability, on the sugar beet nutritional status, especially in terms of nitrogen. Yields of taproots have increased by 31.6% and 22.1% for the NPK+Mi and NPK+MiB treatments, respectively. Almost the same degree of increase was noted for yields of recoverable sugar. The achieved nitrogen balance at the stage of harvestable part development, as measured at BBCH43, was probably the main reason for high positive response of sugar beet crop to external supply of micronutrients. All the analyzed standards of sugar beet nutritional status, DRIS indices, responded to the investigated experimental factor, i.e., foliar application of multi-microelement fertilizer, but only those for nitrogen underwent a change from negative to positive values, thus enabling us to make a reliable yield prognosis.

Dorota Jadczak, Monika Grzeszczuk, Dominika Kosecka

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTENT OF MINERAL COMPOUNDS IN FRUIT OF SOME CULTIVARS OF SWEET PEPPER
(CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

Key words: sweet pepper cultivars, quality characteristics of fruit, macro- and microelements content.

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The study was carried out in 2005–2007. The aim of the experiment was to estimate the quality and mineral compound content in sweet pepper fruits. The experimental material consisted of seven F₁ hybrids grown in the open field: ISI 56511 F₁, ISI 56503 F₁, Axel F₁, Akron F₁, Roei F₁, Elfo F₁ and Polonez F₁ (control cultivar). The fruits were harvested many times. They were collected when green and fully grown. After the harvest, the fruit quality including its mean weight, length, diameter, pericarp weight and pericarp thickness, was evaluated. In 2006-2007, the content of macro– and microelements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and nitrates was determined in the dry weight of the yield. The results were statistically evaluated by the analysis of variance. Significance of the differences was tested by Tukey’s test at p = 0.05. The biometrical traits of fruits were characteristic for each cultivar.  The highest content of dry weight was found for cultivar ISI 56511 F₁ (11.2% higher than the mean amount determined for all of the cultivars and 39.8% higher than the lowest dry matter content assessed in fruits of cultivar Roei F₁). The sweet pepper cultivars tested in the experiment differed significantly in the content of macro- and microelements. The highest content of nitrogen was determined in fruits of cultivar Polonez F₁. Fruits produced by cultivars Elfo F₁, ISI 56503 F₁ and Roei F₁ in comparison with the other cultivars were characterized by a significantly higher content of iron. The highest content of nitrates was assessed in cultivar ISI 56503 F₁ fruit.

Ireneusz M. Kowalski, Halina Protasiewicz-Fałdowska, Daria Jóźwiak-Grabysa, Wojciech Kiebzak, Daniel Zarzycki, Roman Lewandowski, Józef Szarek

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO PAIN SYNDROMES AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH DIAGNOSED IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

Key words: idiopathic scoliosis, pain, adolescent girls, environmental factors.

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Idiopathic scoliosis (IS), despite multidirectional therapy, involves a significant impairment of the quality of life of the patients. It is caused by pain syndromes frequently accompanying IS, the etiology of which has not been entirely discovered. The present research on environmental factors predisposing to pain syndromes in girls with IS involved analysis of 54 girls under ambulatory care, aged 14-17 (on average 15.3-years-old ±0.99). The patients’ natural environment was analysed, including time spent in a sedentary position during the day, sleeping time, time spent on physical activity during the week, regularity of meals consumed, as well as the quantitative composition of the diet. The research also concerned the location and characteristics of ailment reported, as well as pain intensity on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). It was found that the most frequent locations of back pain were: lumbar section – in 28 persons (51.9% of the examined population), and thoracic section of the spine – in 21 persons (38.9% of the examined population). Pain occurring at the same time in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections of the spine was reported for 4 persons (7.4% of the examined population). Fifty girls (92.6%) were aware of controlling their body posture, and 23 persons (42.6%) were able to correct it. The group of girls under examination suffering from pain in the lumbar section of the spine was characterized by a longer period of retaining a sedentary position, less time dedicated to any therapeutic rehabilitation programme, higher intensity of pain, and a higher average age than the group with pain in the thoracic section of the spine. The research proved that patients with pain syndrome located in the lumbar part of the spine were characterized by more time spent in a sedentary position, less time spent on a therapeutic rehabilitation programme, higher intensity of pain and a higher average age than the group suffering from pain in the thoracic section of the spine. The lifestyles of the patients under examination and their lack of awareness of the need to control the body posture can affect the type and intensity of pain.

Sławomir Krzebietke, Stanisław Sienkiewicz

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ANTHRACENE AND PYRENE (PAH) ON YIELDS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF BUTTERHEAD LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.) GROWN UNDER VARIED ABUNDANCE OF SUBSTRATE IN NUTRIENTS

Key words: Lactuca sativa L., macronutrients, anthracene, pyrene, fertilizer rates.

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The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the effect of foliar application of PAH organic chemical compounds (anthracene, pyrene) on yield, chemical composition and uptake of nutrients by cv. Vilmorin butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce was grown under minimum and three-fold higher abundance of substrate in nutrients, as determined according to threshold amounts. A pot trial was established in four replicates and performed twice, in the spring of 2008 and 2009, in a greenhouse at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Lettuce seedlings were planted in pots containing 10 dm³ of mineral substrate. Fertilization (N, P, K, Mg, Na and Cl) was carried out prior to the planting of lettuce. Under the minimum nutrient abundance of the substrate, all the dose of nitrogen was supplied as a pre-sowing treatment, whereas when the abundance in nutrients was raised three-fold, the nitrogen dose was divided (2/3 pre-sowing and 1/3 10 days after planting). Contamination of lettuce plants with anthracene (ANT) or pyrene (PYR) and their mixture started 10 days after planting lettuce. Foliar application of either of the PAHs continued for 25 days until the vegetative growth of lettuce terminated. Determination of the concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca and Na) was performed using standard methods on the mineralised (H₂SO₄+H₂O₂), previously dried at 60°C lettuce plant material. The determinations were completed by referring to certified material (CTA-VTL-2). The amount of fresh mass of butterhead lettuce depended primarily on the abundance of the substrate in nutrients. The three-fold increase in the substrate’s abundance in N, P, K, Mg, Na and Cl caused an increment in the yield of lettuce head mass by 13.3%. Foliar application of ANT and PYR caused an increase in the yield of lettuce head mass. The concentration of N, K, Na, Mg, Ca and Mg in lettuce was modified first of all by the abundance of the substrate and, to a lesser degree, by the applied PAHs.

Irena Musik, Małgorzata Kiełczykowska, Anna Hordyjewska, Kazimierz Pasternak

INFLUENCE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF SELENIUM COMPOUNDS ON TISSUE MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION IN RATS

Key words: male rats, organoselenium compounds, supplementation, magnesium.

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Magnesium and selenium belong to important bioelements. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular macroelement, which takes part in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protein and lipids. Selenium is an essential microelement, whose deficit has been stated in many different pathological states. Much research on safe and effective selenium supplementation has been performed for the last fifty years but the results still remain unsatisfactory. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of inorganic sodium selenite Na₂SeO₃ and two selenoorganic compounds synthetized at our chair on magnesium concentration in tissues of adolescent male Wistar rats. Inorganic selenite was administered as a water solution, whereas organic compounds: 4-(o-tolilo)-selenosemikarbazyd of 2-chloro- benzoic acid of a chain structure (ORG-C) and 3-(o-chlorobenzoylamino)-2-(o-tolylimino)-4-methyl-4-selenazoline of a ring structure (ORG-R) were suspended in emulsion (oil, arabic gum and water). Selenium compounds were given to rats at a dose of 5×10–4 mg Se g^–1 b.w. once a day for a period of 10 days. The control group was treated with saline. The administration was performed with use of a stomach tube. In comparison to the control group, selenium supplementation caused decrease in magnesium concentration in kidney and lung tissues, but did not cause any changes in the brain and heart muscle. In the liver and spleen it was only ring selenazoline that affected magnesium concentration, increasing it in the liver and decreasing in the spleen. In the femoral muscle it was only the selenosemicarbazide chain that exerted the significant effect causing a decrease in Mg concentration vs the control group. Selenium supplementation influences the tissue magnesium concentrations depending on tissue and structure of the supplement.  Irrespective of the administered compound, it lowered magnesium in kidneys and lungs but caused no changes in the brain and heart muscle. In the liver, spleen and femoral muscle, alterations in the magnesium concentration were dependent on the provided supplement.

Tomasz Najmowicz, Mirosław Wyszkowski, Zdzisław Ciećko

EFFECT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH ARSENIC AND APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES ON THE MANGANESE CONTENT IN PLANTS

Key words: arsenic contamination, substances application, plants, manganese content.

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The aim of the study has been to determine the effect of some substances such as dolomite, loam, compost, pinewood bark, peat, lime, charcoal, natural and synthetic zeolite on reducing the impact of soil contamination with arsenic on the content of manganese in some plant species. The content of manganese in the test plants depended on the degree of soil contamination with arsenic, application of different substances as well as on the plant species and organ. Soil contamination with arsenic caused either an increase or a decrease in the content of manganese in plants depending on a plant species and organ. In the series without soil amending substances, in the arsenic contaminated objects the manganese content decreased in above-ground parts of cocksfoot and swede but increased in above-ground parts and roots of maize and yellow lupine, in roots of cocksfoot and swede and in straw and roots of spring barley. On the other hand, the highest rates of arsenic depressed the content of manganese in roots of cocksfoot, swede and spring barley. Addition of any of the aforementioned substances to contaminated soil changed the content of manganese in the plants. The most unambiguous effect of the different substances was determined in the case of above-ground parts of maize as well as above-ground parts and roots of cocksfoot, in which the manganese content fell down, and in roots of yellow lupine, grain and straw of spring barley, in which the content of manganese rose. Charcoal and loam caused the largest and synthetic zeolite led to the smallest changes in the content of manganese in plants. 

Hoang Nguyen-Duong

EFFECTS OF GLUTAMATE AND ZINC IONS ON THE CONTRACTILITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE PREPARATIONS

Key words: monosodium glutamate, aspartate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), GABA, zinc ions, blood vessels.

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It was shown in this study that isolated porcine coronary arteries (PCA) contracted by depolarization with high Ko or by histamine are dose-dependently relaxed by glutamic acid, aspartic acid, N-methyl-asparate (NMDA) and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Zn²⁺ was also shown to relax dose-dependently PCA contractions induced by 50 mM KCl with an ED50 value of about 1.5 mM and to inhibit dose-dependently histamine-induced contractions, shifting ED50 values from 6µM to 40 µM, not affecting however corresponding cumulative concentration-response (CCR) curves established for acetylcholine-induced contractions. Furthermore, since Zn2+ ions are co-localized in many glutamatergic synapses of the central nervous system, it has been postulated in analogy to glutamate neurotoxicity that perturbations of the synaptic zinc concentrations might be a triggering factor in several cerebral diseases, such as ischemic strokes and sustained seizures. Unfortunately, little is known so far about effects of glutamate and zinc ions on the vascular tone. Although the nature of the glutamatergic receptors occurring in the blood vessels investigated in this study remains unclear, the results suggest that glutamate and Zn²⁺ ions interact with voltage-gated as well with ligand-operated Ca-channels. An interesting aspect might be the putative role of glutamate and zinc as long-term toxic agents in the early steps of the pathomechanisms leading to degenerative vascular lesions.

Roman Niedziółka, Krystyna Pieniak-Lendzion, Elżbieta Horoszewicz

CONTENT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN MUSCULAR TISSUE AND LIVER OF MALE KIDS AND RAM LAMBS IN CENTRAL-EASTERN POLAND

Key words: goat kids, ram lambs, flax seeds, muscular tissue, liver, chemical elements, heavy metals.

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The aim of the study was to estimate the content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Ca in meat and liver of male kids and ram lambs fed mixtures containing 10% of flax seeds. Castrated male kids (n = 7) of White Upgraded breed and castrated ram lambs (n = 7) of Polish Lowland sheep fattened up to about 35 kg of body weight were used as experimental material. The animals were fed mixture CJ ad libitum, supplemented with 10% of flax seeds and meadow hay as a structural supplement. Contents of the chemical elements were analysed in samples of longissimus dorsi muscle. The content of Cd (0.01 mg kg^–1) in male kid meat was lower than in ram lamb meat (p Ł 0.05). Similarly, Pb content was lower (p Ł 0.05) in male kids (0.04±0.003 mg kg^–1) than in ram lambs (0.07±0.002 mg kg^–1). Slightly lower content of Pb (by 0.01 mg kg^–1) and Cd (by 0.01 mg kg^–1) in male kid liver was determined, and the differences were statistically insignificant. Significantly larger (p Ł 0.01) Cu content (1.14±0.07 mg kg^–1) in muscular tissue of ram lambs was also stated. Male kid meat, however, was richer in Mn, Fe, Zn and Ca, with the differences tested at p Ł 0.05 and p Ł 0.01. The liver was an organ which accumulated not only Pb and Cd but also Cu, Mn and Zn both in ram lambs and male kids. Especially high level of Cu and Mn in liver was found, which could be the result of a high content of the chemical elements in mixtures. Moreover, significantly larger content of Ca (15.24±1.68 mg kg^–1) in ram lamb liver compared to male kid liver was stated. On the other hand, muscular tissue of male kids contained more Ca (21.94±1.74 mg kg^–1) than that of ram lambs. The content of chemical elements (especially heavy metals) in muscular tissue and liver was lower than the norms established by the Minister for Health and the European Committee, which prove that the tested food products were fully safe for consumption.

Mariusz Nietupski, Paweł Sowiński, Wojciech Sądej, Agnieszka Kosewska

CONTENT OF ORGANIC C AND pH OF BOG AND POST-BOG SOILS VERSUS THE PRESENCE OF GROUND BEETLES CARABIDAE
IN STARY DWÓR NEAR OLSZTYN

Key words: organic C, soil pH, Carabidae, bog soils, post-bog soils.

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The present study consisted of an evaluation of assemblages of epigeic carabid beetles (Col. Carabidae) colonizing hydrogenic soils (bog and post-bog ones), different in the soil development degree. The observations were conducted on a drained, low bog area called Stary Dwór, which today is used as a cut meadow. This is an oblong depression, filled in with (partly mucky) rush peats and situated in the sandur landscape. It lies in the mesoregion called Pojezierze Olsztyńskie (Olsztyn Lake District) near Olsztyn (UTM DE 65), about 3 km of the southern borders of the town. The field observations for determination of the soil type were conducted using soil catenas. A transect was established, which cut across different types and sub-types of bog and post-bog soils. In this paper, the authors have attempted to answer the question whether the sequence of hydrogenic soils and some parameters chosen to describe them have any influence on assemblages of epigeic carabid beetles dwelling in such habitats. Based on the results, it has been concluded that the soils present in the analyzed peat bog were characterized by the following sequence: muckous soils ® peat-muck soils ® peat soils. Their properties depended on the position in the soil relief, advancement of muck formation and content of organic carbon. It has been found out that the highest soil ash content in the surface horizons was in muckous soil (90.39%), and the lowest – in profile 3 of peat-muck soil (18.77%). The reaction of the analyzed soils ranged from slightly acidic to neutral and tended to decrease towards the centre of the depression, reaching the lowest value in peat soil. During the two years of our observations, a total of 673 individuals of Carabidae belonging to 29 species were captured. It has been determined that the type of soil as a factor significantly affected the number of captured carabid beetles, but did not influence the species abundance. The decreasing pH gradient as well as an increasing content of organic C were associated with a decreasing number of the species of carabid beeetles tolerant to moisture conditions (mesophilous species), which were being replaced by hygrophilous individuals. As the acidic reaction of soil increased and the soil content of organic matter rose, so did the abundance of mixophagous species at the expense of predatory individuals.

Anna Piotrowska, Jan Koper

SOIL B-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY UNDER WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATED IN CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS DEPLETING AND ENRICHING
THE SOIL IN ORGANIC MATTER

Key words: b-glucosidase activity, farmyard manure, nitrogen fertilization, lessivé soil.

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b-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21), an enzyme involved in cellulose degradation, plays an important role in the soil organic carbon cycle. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound in the biosphere so a product of its enzymatic hydrolysis is important as an energy source for soil microorganisms. Since b-glucosidase is very sensitive to different factors, determination of its activity might be helpful in soil quality monitoring. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of various doses of farmyard manure (FYM) and mineral nitrogen on b-glucosidase activity in soil samples taken under winter wheat cultivated in crop rotation systems depleting soil from organic matter (A) and enriching soil in organic matter (B). Soil samples were taken in 2002 from a two-factor fertilization experiment carried out as randomized sub-blocks cropped with winter wheat cultivated on lessivé soil. The experiment was located at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Tillage and Soil Science in Grabowo on the Vistula River. All fertilization combinations included FYM (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha^–1) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^–1). The activity of b-glucosidase was determined according to Eivazi, Tabatabai (1988). The enzyme activity ranged 3.604-7.041 mM pNP g^–1 h^–1 in soil samples taken from crop rotation A and between 4.931-7.445 mM pNP g^–1 h^–1 in those collected from the crop rotation enriching the soil in organic matter. These data were closely related to the applied FYM and nitrogen fertilization doses. Moreover, b-glucosidase activity depended significantly on sampling dates. Enzyme activity was closely connected with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, which was confirmed by highly significant correlation coefficients between these parameters (r=0.611-0.770 for C_org, and r=0.844-0.912 for N_og; p<0.01 and p<0.001).

Kazimierz Pasternak, Joanna Kocot, Anna Horecka

BIOCHEMISTRY OF MAGNESIUM

Key words: magnesium, DNA repair process, enzyme, metabolic cycle, cellular respiration, calcium ion transport, potassium ion transport.

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Magnesium is essential for biochemical functions of cells. Since Mg²⁺ has a relatively low ionic radius in proportion to the size of the nucleus (0.86 versus 1.14 f A for Ca²⁺), it shows exceptional biochemical activity. Due to its physicochemical properties, intracellular magnesium can bind to the nucleus, ribosomes, cell membranes or macromolecules occurring in the cell’s cytosol. It is indispensable for the nucleus to function as a whole and for the maintenance of physical stability as well as aggregation of rybosomes into polysomes able to initiate protein synthesis. Mg²⁺ can also act as a cofactor for ribonucleic acid enzymes (ribozymes) capable of specifically recognizing and cleaving the target mRNA. As an essential cofactor in NER, BER, MMR processes, Mg²⁺ is required for the removal of DNA damage. An activator of over 300 different enzymes, magnesium participates in many metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, b-oxidation or ion transport across cell membranes. Mg²⁺ plays a key role in the regulation of functions of mitochondria, including the control of their volume, composition of ions and ATP production.

VOLUME 15 - NUMBER 2 - JUNE  2010

Ewa Brucka-Jastrzębska, Dorota Kawczuga, Mikołaj Protasowicki, Monika Rajkowska

EFFECT OF CULTURE CONDITIONS ON MAGNESIUM AND ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES OF FRESHWATER FISH

Key words: common carp, rainbow trout, Siberian sturgeon, northern, grass carp, zinc, magnesium.

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The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of culture conditions and culture site on magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in freshwater fish. The study encompassed dorsal muscles in five fish species: common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt), northern pike (Esox lucius L.) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes). A total of 125 fish comprised 25 individuals of each species, aged from 6, 9, and 12 months. The fish were cultured in privately owned fish breeding ponds (Western Pomerania, Poland). For chemical and biochemical assays, samples of dorsal muscles were taken from each fish. Tissue samples were wet mineralised in concentrated HNO₃ in a CEM MDS 2000 microwave oven. Magnesium and zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a Jobin Yvon type JY-24 apparatus. The pursuit of the research we had an approval of the Polish Local Ethics Committee nr 9/05. The magnesium concentration in the dorsal muscles ranged from 95.3÷347.6 mg kg^–1 w.w. The highest Mg concentration was found in rainbow trout (347.6±32.2 mg kg^–1 w.w.), and the lowest in grass carp (95.3±11.3 mg kg^–1 w.w.). Zinc concentration varied from 6.7÷98.8 mg kg^–1 w.w. The highest was found in the muscles of Siberian sturgeon (98.8±0.4 mg kg^–1 w.w.), and the lowest in rainbow trout (6.7±0.7 mg kg^–1 w.w.). It was found that the breeding place significantly affected the Zn and Mg concentrations in the muscle tissue among individual freshwater fish species. The magnesium and zinc concentrations were also significantly affected by the type of feed.

Piotr Chełpiński, Katarzyna Skupień, Ireneusz Ochmian

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CULTIVAR KENT STRAWBERRY FRUIT

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In an experiment carried out in 2006-2007, influence of different fertilizers on yield and quality of cv. Kent strawberry fruit was determined. Two combinations were tested, each consisting of 3 types of fertilizers. The control plants remained unfertilized. In both combinations, two types of multi-component fertilizers were used (T – 5% N, 5% P₂O₅, 15% K₂O and O – 10% N, 5% P₂O₅, 10% K2O) as well as one rate of ammonium nitrate to provide 50 kg N ha^–1 in the first combination and 70 kg N ha^–1 in the second one. The usage of multi-component fertilizers, especially O type resulted in an increase of cv. Kent strawberry yield. The fruit collected from the control plants and the ones fertilized with ammonium nitrate weighed less than berries obtained from plants fertilized with multi-component fertilizers. The treatment with multi-component fertilizers enhanced firmness as well as calcium, phosphorus and potassium content in fruit. The berries fertilized with higher rate of T fertilizer contained more soluble solids, total sugar and reducing sugar. Neither the type of fertilizers, nor their rate affected acidity, vitamin C, total phenol and magnesium content in berries. Higher antioxidant activity towards DPPH radicals was observed in fruit obtained from plants fertilized with lower and higher rate of ammonium nitrate. The lowest nitrogen content was observed for control berries. Practically, the differences regarding nitrogen content between the fruits of the first (50 kg N ha^–1) and second combination (70 kg N ha^–1) were negligible.

Mirosław Gabryszuk, Krzysztof Słoniewski, Ewa Metera, Tomasz Sakowski

CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN MILK AND HAIR OF COWS FROM ORGANIC FARMS

Key words: cow, hair, milk, macro- and microelements, organic farms.

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The value of the routine analyses, applied until present, of whole blood, serum and urine for bioelements is limited. The blood mineral level does not often correspond to the content of minerals in the whole body because the composition of plasma results from supplementation of deficiencies by different homeostatic mechanisms. Moreover, the blood concentration of bioelements is relatively low and depends on a current diet, therefore the diagnostic value of such analytical results may be fairly small. Studies have shown that the analysis of hair and nails are an appropriate alternative for blood and urine tests or for biopsy. Chemical treatments in agriculture, animal production and food processing introduce many food contaminants into the food chain. Organic methods in agriculture are safer and therefore very important. Nutrition based on organically produced foods and anthroposophic lifestyle can play an important role in health prophylaxis The objective of this study was to determine correlations between concentrations of 29 major and trace elements in cow’s milk and hair. The experimental material consisted of 33 cows of Polish Holstein-Fresian (HF) breed from three dairy organic farms. All the farms were located in one climatic zone and under similar soil conditions. The cows were kept in traditional tied-up barns. The feeding was traditional, with ration components given separately. The cows were grazed from May to October. Depending on pasture yield and availability of other feeds, the feeding ration was supplemented with hay, straw, silage and cereals. Samples of milk and hair for analyses of minerals were collected in September, i.e. during the pasture feeding. The hair was taken from the poll. The concentration of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, I, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb was determined. The content of toxic elements in milk was low and below the admissible level. The statistically significant positive correlations between concentration in milk and in hair were detected for such elements as Ba, Ge, Mo and Pb. In the case of major elements K and Mg and trace elements Al, As, Co, Fe, Hg, Se, Sr, positive correlations were observed but they were not statistically significant. Negative correlations occurred for such elements as Cr, Cu, I, Li, Ni, S, Si, Sn, V and Zn. It was only for V and Zn that they were statistically significant. Very low values (near zero) of coefficient r were observed for Ca, Cd, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S and Sn. It seems that broader investigations of mineral composition of cow’s hair could be useful for establishing reference values for some elements and would make a contribution to better animals’ welfare.

Marek Gugała, Krystyna Zarzecka

THE EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL METHODS ON MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM CONTENT IN EDIBLE PEA SEEDS (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

Key words: sowing density, weed control methods, pea seed yield, magnesium content, calcium content.

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A field experiment was carried out in 2006-2008 at the Experimental Farm in Zawady, owned by the University of Podlasie. The experimental design was a split-plot arrangement of treatments with three replicates. The factors examined included: factor I – three sowing densities (75, 100 and 125 plants per 1 m²), and factor II – five weed control methods (control – mechanical weed control and four herbicidebased treatments). The objective of the study was to determine the effect of weed control methods as well as sowing density on magnesium and calcium content in the seeds of edible pea (Pisum sativum L.) of Merlin cultivar. The highest seed yield was obtained in the plots where weeds were chemically controlled (Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC was sprayed just after sowing and followed by an application of a mixture of Basagran 600 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC when plants were 5 cm high). The yield from this treatment was 4.84 t ha^–1, on average. The lowest yield was harvested in the plots where weeds were mechanically controlled (the control) – on average 2.92 t ha^–1.

Variance analysis showed significant influence of weed control methods and weather conditions on magnesium and calcium contents in pea seeds. The herbicides applied in the experiment increased concentrations of the above elements compared with the control. The highest magnesium content (1.389 g kg^–1) in pea seeds was found in the plots where Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC was applied just after sowing at a dose of 1.5 dm³ ha^–1 and followed by a mixture of Basagran 600 SL at a dose of 2.0 dm³ ha^–1 + Fusilade Forte at a dose of 1.5 dm³ ha^–1 applied post-emergence. The highest calcium content was recorded for treatment 2, consisting of an application of Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC at a dose of 1.5 dm³ ha^–1 just after sowing and followed by post-emergence spraying with Basagran 600 SL at a dose of 2.0 dm³ ha^–1 – on average 0.989 g kg^–1. In turn, sowing density had no influence on the discussed characteristics although a tendency was observed towards increasing magnesium and calcium content in edible pea seeds.

Czesława Jasiewicz, Agnieszka Baran, Marek Tarnawski

EFFECT OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT ON CONTENT, BIOACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OF HEAVY METALS IN MAIZE BIOMASS

Key words: bottom sediment, heavy metals, maize.

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The research aimed to assess the effect of bottom sediment on the content, bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals in maize biomass. The investigations were conducted in 2006-2007 as a pot experiment on light soil of the granulometric composition of weakly-loamy sand. The experimental design comprised 3 treatments: without sediment (I), a 5% sediment admixture (II) and a 10% sediment admixture to the soil (III). Bottom sediment was added to the soil in the first year of the investigations. The content of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr was determined using the ICP-EAS method in the plant material after its dry mineralization and ash solution in HNO₃. The uptake of the above-mentioned metals by maize was computed alongside their bioaccumulation and translocation coefficients. The effect of bottom sediment admixture on heavy metal concentrations in maize was determined to be varied, e.g. a 5% dose of sediment added to soil decreased the content of all the analyzed heavy metals in the biomass of maize aerial parts, whereas a 10% admixture increased the content of Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr. The values of bioaccumulation coefficients revealed that an admixture of both doses of bottom sediment led to a decreased accumulation of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni (5% dose) in maize aerial biomass. Moreover, the plant more easily accumulated Zn, Cd and Cu than Cr, Ni or Pb. Permissible amounts of heavy metals in plants to be used as animal fodder were not exceeded in the maize biomass.

Monika Karaś, Barbara Baraniak

USE OF SELECTED METAL IONS FOR THE SEPARATION OF PEPTIDES ISOLATED FROM THERMALLY PROCESSED STRING BEANS

Key words: peptides, IMAC, metal ions, string beans.

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Recent years have witnessed growing interest in research on the structure and properties of proteins and peptides as physiologically active dietary components. The above has spurred a new interest in the isolation of animal, plant and microbiological peptides and investigation of their biological activity. The isolation and separation of protein and peptide mixture is not an easy procedure. Immobilised Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) is increasingly often used in this process. Affinity chromatography relies on the specific interactions between amino acids, their reactive groups in peptides and metal ions. The objective of this study was to determine whether copper and nickel ions can be used for the separation of peptides isolated from string beans than had been blanched and heated in a microwave oven. In this study, peptides extracted with 1% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) from string beans that had been blanched and heated in a microwave oven, were separated  by  chromatography on columns with copper and nickel ions immobilised through iminodiacetic acid (IDA). Peptide concentrations of the separated fractions were determined. Peptides found in string beans had similar affinity for metal ions in the Cu > Ni sequence, with selectivity in the Ni > Cu sequence. Microwave heating of string beans decreases the peptide content of extracts isolated with 1% TCA. The resulting changes are dependent on the duration of the process and the type of heating medium. Affinity chromatography with the use of metal ions immobilized to iminodiacetic acid (IDA)-Sephadex G-25 may be successfully used for the separation of peptides isolated from string beans.

Tomasz Kleiber, Andrzej Komosa

DIFFERENTIATED MICROELEMENT CONTENT IN ANTHURIUM (ANTHURIUM CULTORUM BIRDSEY) LEAVES

Key words: tropical, plant analysis, microelement, coefficient of variability, inert substrate.

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The main objective of the study was to determine the nutritional status in terms of the content of microelements, such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper and boron in several standard cultivars of anthurium (Anthurium cultorum Birdsey) called Baron, Choco, Midori, Pistache, President and Tropical. The plants were grown in expanded clay (ř 8-18 mm) using drip fertigation with standard nutrient for anthurium grown in inert substrates with the following components: N-NH₄<1.0, N-NO₃ 7.5, P 1.0, K 4.5, Ca 1.5, Mg 1.0, S-SO₄ 1.5 (mmol dm^–3), Fe 15, Mn 3.0, Zn 3.0, Cu 0.5, B 20.0, Mo 0.5 (µmol dm^–3), pH 5.5-5.7, EC 1.5-1.8 mS cm^–1. Every two months, anthurium indicator parts were sampled for chemical analyses. The indicator parts included fully developed leaves from plants after freshly cut flowers. The average microelement content in the indicator parts showed the following values
(in mg kg^–1 d.m.): Fe 47.6-58.0, Mn 36.9-45.1, Zn 60.3-67.6, Cu 5.01-6.43, B 63.5--89.0. It was found that a significant effect on the nutritional status with respect to microelements was produced by the plant cultivar type. The highest content of iron in the indicator parts was found in cv. Baron; manganese was most abundant in cv. Choco; cv. Midori was the richest in zinc and boron appeared in the highest level in cv. Pistache. Coefficients of variability (CV) of the analyzed microelements were determined. The smallest variability during 3 years of studies was shown by copper (CV 15.4-24.3%), a mean value was found in boron (CV 20.9-26.7%) and in iron (CV 25.1-31.4%), while the highest values were shown by zinc (CV 39.7-44.7%) and by manganese (CV 40.4-58.5%).

Grzegorz Mikiciuk, Małgorzata Mikiciuk

EFFECT OF POLYMER SUPERSORBENT ADDED TO MEDIUM ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN STRAWBERRY LEAVES AND FRUIT

Key words: strawberry, AgroHydrogel, microelements.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of polymer supersorbent AgroHydrogel, added to soil, on the content of some mineral elements in leaves and fruit of strawberry cv. Elsanta. In 2007-2008, a pot experiment set up in a system of complete randomization was carried out in four replications in a greenhouse of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. The experimental factor was the addition of two doses of AgoHydrogel to the medium. The two rates were 1.8 and 3.6 g dm^–3, i.e. 15 and 30 g per a Kick’s pot versus the control which was the medium with no gel. The experiment was carried out indoors. Soil moisture was measured by means of contact soil tensometers. The plants were watered with 0.5 dm³ per pot and the tensometer, fitted in the medium with 15 g of gel per pot, showed 450 hPa. The content of the elements in strawberry leaves and fruit was determined by means of the AAS method. The applied polymer supersorbent decreased the cummulation of zinc and lead in leaves and copper, nickel and lead in fruit of strawberry. This effect particularly visible in plants growing in the medium with an increased dose of hydrogel. However, the application of AgroHydrogel did not affect the content of iron, manganese, copper and nickel in leaves and manganese, zinc and iron in fruit of the analyzed variety of strawberry.

Wiesława Orowicz, Alina Wyrembska

EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION AND SELECTED SERUM LIPID COMPONENTS IN WOMEN AND MEN OF DIFFERENT AGE WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE

Key words: chronic kidney failure, magnesium, lipids.

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In literature of the recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the correlations between magnesium and blood lipids. Lipid balance disorders induced by hypomagnesaemia bring about changes in the liquidity of cellular membranes. Increased migration of lipids, in particular of VLDL and LDL, across arterial walls has been observed in hypomagnesaemia, with their consequential deposition in the internal membrane. Kidneys, apart from urine production and elimination, fulfil many other important functions in organism. They determine normal functioning of the whole organism, while disorders in their function lead to serious changes in homeostasis. Lipid balance disorders are a serious risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in patients with chronic kidney failure. The aim of this study was to examine the correlations between magnesium concentration and total cholesterol and HDL- and LDL-cholesterol contents in women and men with chronic kidney failure under and over 50 years of age. Subjects were divided into four groups: K₁ – 14 women 34-50 years old, K₂ – 14 women over 50 years old, M₁ – 17 men 30-50 years old, and M₂ – 13 men over 50 years old. Tests were made using a COBAS INTEGRA analyser. High concentration of Mg, exceeding the upper limit of reference values, was observed both in two women and men groups (K₁ – 1.26 mmol(+) kg^–1; K₂ – 1.25 mmol(+) kg^–1; M₁ – 1.13 mmol(+) kg^–1; M₂ – 1.16 mmol(+) kg^–1). Also the levels of total and HDL-cholesterol in all subjects were within physiological limits (respectively: K₁ – 4.61 and 1.23 mmol(+) kg^–1; K₂ – 4.69 and 1.29 mmol(+) kg^–1; M₁ – 3.94 and 1.20 mmol(+) kg^–1; M₂ – 3.98 and 1.16 mmol(+) kg^–1). Only the LDL-cholesterol concentration in the group of younger men was below normal limit (1.93 mmol(+) kg^–1). Small positive correlations were obtained between Mg content and that of total and LDL-cholesterol in older women and younger men groups as well as between Mg and HDL-cholesterol contents in both men groups. At the same time, a small negative correlation was obtained between Mg and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the older men group. These correlations were statistically non-significant.

Anna Skubiszewska, Jean Bernard Diatta

APPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL INDICES (S : Al; Mg : Al) AND PARTITION COEFFICIENT (Kd) FOR EVALUATING RESPONSE OF CROPS TO ALUMINUM TOXICITY

Key words: winter oilseed rape, maize, aluminum toxicity, soil acidity, S : Al and Mg : Al indices, partition coefficient (Kd).

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Field trials were carried out in order to examine the role of some geochemical indices (S : Al; Mg : Al) and partition coefficient (Kd) for evaluating response of crops to aluminum toxicity under acid soil conditions. They were established in 2007/2008 at Gluszyna Lesna (52014, N and 16056, E), a 300-hectare agricultural farm near Poznan. Two different crop plants were tested: (i) winter oilseed rape, variety Cabriolet, (ii) maize, variety Anamur. The source of magnesium and sulphur was kieserite (MgSO₄�H₂O) applied at four Mg rates: 0, 25, 50, 100 kg Mg ha^–1 in the first decade of November 2007. The results revealed that the values of partition coefficient for magnesium (KdMg) decreased along with a rise in pH, although a reverse trend was observed for the partition coefficient of aluminum KdAl. Changes in S : Al indices observed at both sites along with increasing kieserite (Mg) rates suggest that S-SO₄ concentrations in soil may reduce Al toxicity. The introduction of S-SO₄ to soil may be intended to meet plant’s nutritional requirements and, simultaneously, react with exchangeable aluminum (Alex) in order to mitigate its phytotoxicity. On the other hand, the incorporated magnesium (Mg²⁺) was expected to exchange with Al³⁺ ions in the soil cation exchange complex (CEC). The values of Mg : Al indices decreased with raising kieserite rates at the oilseed rape site. Changes of Mg : Al indices observed under extremely acid soil conditions (maize site) along with increasing kieserite (Mg) rates suggest that Mg : Al cannot be treated as a direct index describing the Mgex – Alex interaction, especially at 25 and 50 kg Mg ha^–1 rates. The values of S : Al and Mg : Al indices were lower at the maize site than at the oilseed rape site because of large amounts of Alex concentrated in soil solution (amounts of Alex on the maize site were ca 3-fold higher than those determined at the oilseed rape site).

Sylwester Smoleń , Włodzimierz Sady

CEFFECT OF PLANT BIOSTIMULATION WITH PENTAKEEP V FERTILIZER AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE CONTENT OF MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS IN SPINACH

Key words: biostimulation, 5-aminolevulinic acid, macronutrients, micronutrients, mineral nutrition.

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The aim of the research was to determine the influence of foliar nutrition with Pentakeep V as well as differentiated nitrogen fertilisation on the content of macro- (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in spinach leaves. Pentakepp V is a fertilizer containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which is the direct precursor of chlorophyll in plants. In 2006-2007, a pot experiment with spinach Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Spinaker F₁ was carried out. The plants were cultivated in 60 × 40 × 20 cm containers placed in an open field under a shade-providing fabric. Containers were filled with loamy clay soil (35% of sand, 28% silt, 37% clay) with the organic matter content of 2.44% in 2006 and 2.52% in 2007. The experiment design included 2 sub-blocks: with and without foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed twice with Pentakeep V fertilizer in a dose of 0.02% w/v (16 ml 100 dm^–3 – 3000 dm³ per 1 ha). In each sub-block, soil fertilization with nitrogen was applied: 1 – control (without N fertilization), 2 – 25 mg N dm^–3 of the soil (50% of N dose), 3 – 50 mg N dm^–3 of the soil (100% of N dose). Nitrogen fertilization was applied in the form of ammonium nitrate prior to seed sowing. Among all of the determined nutrients, a significant interaction between foliar nutrition and soil application of nitrogen was observed in the case of Ca and Fe content in spinach leaves. Foliar application of Pentakeep V decreased the content of Ca in plants without N fertilization as well as increased the amount of this element in plants fertilized with full dose of nitrogen (100% of N dose). These observations were further verified by the changes of Ca content in soil after plant cultivation. Increased uptake of Ca from soil was observed for plants treated with Pentakeep V and fertilized with the full dose of nitrogen. A higher content of this element in soil was noted after cultivation of plants receiving only Pentakeep V (without N fertilization). Specific interaction of Pentakeep V on the increased content of Fe in spinach fertilized with 50% dose of N was observed. In comparison with the control, N fertilization in both doses (regardless of the foliar nutrition) led to the decrease of the plant content of Ca, Na and Fe as well as resulted in the increased concentration of K in spinach leaves. Plants fertilized with half-dose of N were characterized by lower content of Mn but plants treated with 100 % of nitrogen had higher concentration of this element in comparison to the control. Foliar application of Pentakeep V (considered independently of N fertilization) did not significantly influence the content of these nutrients in spinach leaves. Weather conditions throughout both years of cultivation had no effect on the interaction between foliar nutrition with Pentakeep V and N fertilization on the content of analyzed nutrients.

Arkadiusz Telesiński, Beata Smolik, Ewelina Grabczyńska

FORMATION OF ADENYLATE ENERGY CHARGE (AEC) VERSUS THE FLUORINE CONTENT IN FOREST SOIL IN THE AREA AFFECTED BY EMISSION FROM POLICE CHEMICAL PLANT

Key words: fluorine, adenylate energy charge, soil, forest.

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Activity of most enzymes of the key-metabolic pathways depend on the content of adenine nucleotides, such as ATP, ADP and AMP, in cells. Based on the level of these nucleotides, the adenylate energy charge (AEC) was defined as AEC = ([ATP] + 0.5[ADP]) : ([ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]). Theoretically, AEC values can range from 0 to 1 and represent the physiological state of a soil microbial population. Soil microorganisms and the enzymes they secrete are connected with biological processes which form soil fertility in all ecosystems, including forests. Forests are such ecological systems which are an integral complex and their dysfunction could be caused by permanent influence of anthropogenic factors, including industrial emission of gases and dusts. The aim of this study was the determination of changes in adenylate energy charge values and fluorine content in the humus layer of forest-podsol soils affected by the emission of Police Chemical Plant. During a year, soil samples were taken five times (in October 2007, February, April, June and September 2008) from five different sites Wkrzańska Forest near Węgornik, Tatynia, Tanowo, Trzeszczyn and Mścięcino. In the samples, concentration of fluorine, both water-soluble (extracted by 0.01 M CaCl₂) and potentially accessible to plants (extracted by 2 M HClO₄), was assayed by potentiometry. Additionally, the content of adenine nucleotides was assayed by chromatography. Based on the content of nucleotides, adenylate energy charge values in soil were calculated. The AEC values and fluorine content in soil depended on a distance from the emitter and the dates on which the samples were taken. In order to determine the relationships between the fluorine content and AEC values, Pearson’s correlations coefficients were calculated. Between the fluorine (both, water-soluble and plant available) content and AEC values there was a signifficant negative correlation, which could mean that AEC is a very good indicator of the fluorine content in soil.

Piotr Trojanowski, Jan Trojanowski, Józef Antonowicz, Małgorzata Bokiniec

LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT IN HUMAN HAIR IN CENTRAL POMERANIA (NORTHERN POLAND)

Key words: lead, cadmium, hair, personal features, environment, nourishment, chronic diseases.

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Samples of hair collected in 2004-2007 from 416 persons living in Central Pomerania were analyzed. The subjects donating hair represented a vast spectrum of age, from a ten-month-old child to a 75-year-old person. The subjects were selected randomly. Lead and cadmium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using an ASA-3 spectrometer. The average content of the metals in the hair samples was 3.20 µg g^–1 (Pb) and 0.284 µg g^–1 (Cd). The highest concentration of lead in human hair (about 3.88 µg g^–1) was determined for the age group 61-75 years, and that of cadmium (0.406 µg g^–1) – for the age group 26-50 years. The lowest concentrations of these metals in human hair (2.07 and 0.152 µg g^–1, respectively) were determined for the age group of 0-15 years. Most hair samples (50%) contained 2.01-4.00 µg g^–1 Pb, while 45% of the samples contained 0.001-0.300 µg g^–1 of cadmium. Studying the dependence of the content of lead and cadmium in hair on the gender of subjects, it was discovered that in all age groups males had more lead and cadmium (3.79 and 0.334 µg g^–1, respectively) than females (2.63 µg g^–1 and 0.236 µg g^–1). This study has also demonstrated that the environment affects the content of the analyzed metals in hair. The average value of lead and cadmium concentrations for people living in the country were 2.39 µg g^–1 for Pb and 0.214 µg g^–1 for Cd, while for the people living in towns and cities, the respective values were 4.17 and 0.361 µg g^–1. The present study has demonstrated how nutrition affects lead and cadmium content in human hair. Among the subjects, 17% had been on some kind of a diet, predominatly easily digestible and light foods. The lowest content of these metals (on average, 2.08 µg g^–1 Pb and 0.141 µg g^–1 Cd) was found in hair of people on a diet, while the hiest levels (3.54 µg g^–1 Pb and 0.315 µg g^–1 Cd) were determined in people who did not limit consumption of meat and dairy products. Among the analyzed population, 241 persons suffered from chronic disease. The average content of lead and cadmium in hair of healthy subjects was 3.05 µg g^–1 Pb and 0.257 µg g^–1 Cd, but in patients suffering from arthrosclerosis, allergy and hyperplasia prostate the levels of lead and cadmium in hair reached the upper values of these limits. Hair of the patients who suffered from cardiovascular disease showed deificiency of these metals (on average, 1.73 µg g^–1 Pb and 0.182 µg g^–1 Cd).

Krystyna Zarzecka, Marek Gugała

CONTENT AND UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM WITH THE YIELD OF POTATO TUBERS DEPENDING ON CULTIVATION OPERATIONS

Key words: potato, phosphorus, calcium, content, uptake.

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In 2002-2004, a study was carried out, based on a field experiment set up on soil of very good rye complex. The experiment was designed as randomized sub-blocks with three replications. Two methods of soil tillage, conventional and simplified tillage, and seven weeding methods such as application of the following herbicides 1) control object – without herbicides, 2) Plateen 41,5 WG , 3) Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, 4) Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC, 5) Barox 460 SL, 6) Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, 7) Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC), constituted experimental factors. Phosphorus content in the tubers of cultivar Wiking potato was determined by colorimetry and calcium was tested by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (AAS). Phosphorus and calcium content and their uptake with tubers yield significantly depended on the tillage methods and weed control methods as well as weather conditions in the study years. Potato tubers from the simplified tillage cultivation had more phosphorus than tubers whose cultivation was based on the conventional tillage, in contrast to calcium, which was more abundant in tubers from the conventional method. The herbicides significantly reduced the phosphorus content and increased the calcium content compared with the control object. Phosphorus and calcium uptake by potato was significantly higher in the conventionally tilled treatments compared with the simplified method, and in the herbicide-treated plots compared with the mechanically cultivated control treatment.

Marta Makara-Studzińska, Anna Koślak, Justyna Morylowska-Topolska, Anna Urbańska

LITHIUM THERAPY – THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MEDICINE, SIDE SYMPTOMS, COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE QUALITY OF THE LIFE IN AFFECTIVE DISEASES

Key words: lithium therapy, affective diseases.

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Lithium is a medicine of the first choice in the preventive treatment of bipolar affective disorder. It is also used to enhance the treatment of drug resistant depression. How excatly this element acts is not yet fully understood. Lithium influences the transportation of sodium via cellular membranes (sodium-potassium ATPase dependant), has an inhibitory influence on the second transmitter system (connected with phosphatidylinositol), thus probably acting as a stabiliser of inter cellular processes. Lithium does not associate with plasmatic proteins and is almost entirely excreted by kidneys. The side effects of the medicine are linked to its influence on the central nervous system and on the renal transportation of electrolytes as well as the narrow therapeutic index of the medicine, which can cause intoxication if the recommended doses are not when medical recommendations are not observed. The undesirable effects are more intensive when the level of lithium in the blood plasma increases. Among the most common side effects are stomachaches, nausea, diarrhoea, lack of appetite, polydipsia, polyuria, shaking hands, headaches, sleepiness or deterioration of memory. Complications during lithium therapy listed in literature are ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus and extrapyramidal symptoms, but the most severe complication is lithium poisoning. Lithium can be applied for a long-term maintenance treatment, which limits recurrence of the disease and improves the patient’s family, social and occupational life. The inferior quality of life among patients with affective disease can result from the disorder itself or can develop on the somatic grounds, appear due to abuse of tobacco or alcohol, or else be a side effect of other medicines taken by the patient. Good co-operation with the patient during the therapy can lessen the pronouncement of undesirable symptoms and complications of a lithium treatment, and this in turn can improve of the quality of the patient’s life.

Marta Makara-Studzińska, Justyna Morylowska-Topolska, Anna Koślak, Ania Urbańska

BIOELEMENTS AND EATING DISORDERS – ASPECTS OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Key words: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, bioelements, somatic complications

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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are emotional disorders which are a serious hazard to the physical health or life. They most often affect girls and young women and disorganize their mental and social life. In this paper, complications caused by eating disorders as a result of deficiency or excessive loss of bioelements by an organism are reviewed along their influence on the quality of life. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa are the following: weight loss over 15% of the standard body mass for the age and height, severe fear of body weight gain despite clear evidence of weight deficiency. The main symptoms of bulimia involve uncontrolled overeating and counteracting weight gain which could occur after overeating episodes by self-induced vomitting or overuse of laxatives and diuretics. Medical complications of bulimia are related to the method and frequency of purgation, while in anorexia they are caused by starvation and weight loss. The following deviations are observed in both restrictive and bulimic forms on anorexia: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and sometimes also hyponatremia, hypomegnesemia and hypochloremic alkalosis. Many electrolytic and acid abnormalities are found in bulimia depending on the method for laxation (self-induced vomitting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics). Most patients adapt well for a relatively long time to low levels of potassium in plasma but sometimes the situation may cause life threatening consequences, like dysrhythmia, paralytic ileus, neuropathy, muscle weakness and paresis. Physicians and patients should understand that anorexia nervosa is a systemic disease and can affect all body organs. Full knowledge about possible complications of anorexia nervosa allows physicians to achieve precise assessment and conduct appropriate treatment of patients when the diagnosis has already been made.

VOLUME 15 - NUMBER 1 - MARCH 2010

Maysam Bacher, Małgorzata Sztanke, Krzysztof Sztanke, Kazimierz Pasternak,

PLASMA CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH FRACTURES OF LONG BONES TREATED SURGICALLY

Key words: calcium, magnesium, long bone’s fractures, surgical treatment.

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Bone fractures, especially when treated surgically, are connected with changes in the homeostasis of the elements of which bone compounds consist, as well as the ones which participate in controlling processes. Such changes influence both the fracture itself and the operative procedure. For successful treatment of broken bones, it can be crucial to bring the homeostasis of bioelements back to the normal state. Thus, the aim of this work has been to determine magnesium and calcium concentrations in plasma from patients with fractures of long bones, and to analyze changes in the examined elements depending on the time after the operative procedure, injury and patient’s age. The research was conducted on the blood of patients: 1) with long bone fractures treated surgically, 2) after a limb amputation because of a fracture or injury, 3) with long bone fractures and with multiorgan injury. With respect to the patients’ age, there were 3 groups: 1) patients aged 18-40 years, 2) patients aged 41-60 years, 3) patients older than 60 years. In the postoperative period, the patients were on a strict postoperative diet, receiving only i.v. 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose solutions. Blood was taken from patients first directly after admittance to hospital and next on the first, third, fifth and seventh day after an operative procedure. Plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined by the method of emission spectrometry with induction plasma (ICP-OES). The results were worked out statistically. The differences p<0.05 were taken into consideration as statistically significant. The research showed that in the blood plasma from patients with long bone fractures treated surgically, there were noticeable decreases of calcium and magnesium concentrations mainly on the first, third and fifth postoperative day. These changes depended on the extend of an operative procedure, but did not depend on the patients’ age. However, with respect to magnesium, its statistically significant decrease was noticed in the group of oldest patients. In the postoperative period, it is especially important to pay attention to calcium and magnesium concentrations, and for patients over 60 years of age magnesium supplementation is necessary. Maintenance of macronutrient homeostasis in an organism can be crucial for the patient’s convalescence process.

Jadwiga Bartoszewicz, Elżbieta Karp

DESORPTION OF PHOSPHATE(V) IONS FROM BROWN SOIL

Key words: phosphorus, leaching, fertilization, soil.

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The objective of the study was to determine, under laboratory conditions, the rate of phosphate (V) ions leaching down brown soil horizons under the influence of redistilled water of pH 6.2. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on phosphate(V) ion concentrations in brown soil horizons before and after extraction with water. The content of desorbed PO₄^3– ions was determined in percolating water samples. The results indicate that the quantity of desorbed phosphate(V) ions was affected by the type and rate of fertilization as well as by the dose of the applied solvent. The highest desorption of phosphate(V) ions from the brown soil profile was reported in the treatment fertilized with manure + PK, while the lowest desorption was observed in the plot fertilized with NPK. The maximum desorption of phosphate(V) ions was noted in soil layers at the depths of 0-25 cm and 26-50 cm. In all filtrate samples, PO₄^3– values significantly exceeded the minimum quantity required to initiate eutrophication. The highest content of phosphate(V) ions, at 64.8 mg PO₄^3– kg^–1 soil, was determined in percolating water from the treatment fertilized with slurry rate II (123.8 t ha^–1). Percolating water samples collected in the non-fertilized (control) plot were least abundant in phosphate(V) ions (21.7 mg PO₄^3– kg^–1 soil).

Maria Brzezińska, Monika Krawczyk

THE INFLUENCE OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON THE MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN GOATS’ BLOOD SERUM

Key words: goats, pregnancy, lactation, macroelements.

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The aim of this work was to trace differences in magnesium and calcium concentrations (both total and ionic form) between goats which were in late pregnancy and lactating goats. The study involved 30 goats. Blood samples were taken three times from each goat. Total concentrations of magnesium and calcium were determined with the colorimetric method and
(A – 1.581 mmol dm^–3; B – 2.052 mmol dm^–3; C – 2.112 mmol dm^–3). Ionic form of calcium based on using ion–selective analysis (A – 1.219 mmol dm^–3; B – 1.126 mmol dm^–3;
C – 1.123 mmol dm^–3). The study showed that mean value of both the total of calcium from each goat did not reach the reference level for this species. Ionic form of calcium was within the lever limit of the physiological norm. The content of magnesium in all the groups was within the range of reference concentrations (A – 1.051 mmol dm^–3; B – 1.165 mmol dm^–3;
C – 1.117 mmol dm^–3).

Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak, Teresa Bowszys, Jadwiga Wierzbowska

FUNGI COLONIZING SOIL FERTILIZED WITH COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL WASTE

Key words: organic fertilization, zinc, manganese, soil, pathogens, saprophytes.

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A strict field experiment was conducted in 2004-2007 on grey-brown podzolic soil originating from light silty loam, which was 5.04 in pH, highly abundant in P, moderately abundant in K, Zn, Mn and very poor in Mg. The experiment was established in a random block design with four replications. In a four-year crop rotation system, the following sequence of crops was grown: industrial potato, fodder spring barley, winter oilseed rape and winter wheat. The experiment consisted of treatments with farmyard manure and composted sewage sludge (Biohum, Polepszacz, Tyrowo) as well as composted municipal waste (Dano, green waste). The manure and organic fertilizers were applied once (10 t d.m. ha^–1) or twice (2×5 t d.m. ha^–1). For comparison, unfertilized plots (control) and NPK fertilized plots were used. The phytopathological assays were completed in order to determine the effect of natural and organic fertilization on the structure of soil fungal communities. In a laboratory, soil samples were made into suspensions of the dilution from 10–2 to 10–4. Fungi were cultured for 5 days on Martin substrate in Petri dishes at 22ºC. The grown fungal colonies were calculated into g dry mass and inoculated onto agar slabs for later species identification. The results suggest positive influence of fertilization with FYM, composted sewage sludge and composted municipal waste on the chemical properties and biotic relationships in soil, i.e. on the growth of fungi which can act antagonistically towards pathogenic species, suppressing at the same time populations of pathogenic fungi. Highest counts of pathogenic fungi were found in unfertilized soil (in the control treatment). The most desirable effect was produced by FYM applied once in a dose of 10 t d.m. ha^–1.

Małgorzata Gałczyńska, Marcin Kot

INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOPRESSION ON CONCENTRATION OF BIOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER OF SMALL PONDS IN FARMLAND

Key words: nitrogen, phosphorus, mid-field water ponds.

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A rapidly diminishing number and degradation of water ponds cause many negative effects in the structure of agricultural ecosystems, by limiting surface retention and increasing migration of chemical compounds from the basin. The goal of this research was to find the influence of anthropopression on the chemical composition of water in field ponds. Analysis of some chemical and physical parameters was carried out on water samples collected once a month from 5 field ponds located in the District of Pyrzyce, Commune of Żabowo, between March and October 2004. The five water ponds differed with respect to the spatial development of their surroundings and their degradation. The concentration of N-NH₄, N-NO₂ i N-NO₃ oraz PO₄^3– were measured according to the Polish Standards. The level of oxygen, temperature and water pH were measured immediately after collecting each sample of water. The analyzed field ponds were different in respect of the degree of degradation processes. What was characteristic of the five ponds was a large variation in concentrations of biogenic compounds in water, depending on the form of anthropopression and vegetation in and around the ponds. The high level of PO₄^3– and N-NH₄ in water and the succession of water plants prove that ponds 2, 3 and 4 are highly eutrophicated. Due to the extremely high concentration of PO₄^3– in the water, field pond 2, located near a former state farm, can be classified as hypertrophic. This pond also had the biggest oxygen deficit.

Krzysztof Gondek 

ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND CONTENT OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR
IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Key words: sewage sludge, maize, yielding, nitrogen, sulphur.

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The effect of sewage sludge fertilization on nitrogen and sulphur content in maize was assessed in a pot experiment conducted in 2003-2005. The experimental design comprised the following treatments in four replications on three soils: treatment without fertilizer – (0); mineral fertilization – (NPK); farmyard manure – (FYM); sewage sludge A – (SSA); a mixture of sewage sludge A with peat – (MSSA); sewage sludge B – (SSB) and a mixture of sewage sludge B with peat – (MSSB). The tests were conducted on weakly loamy sand (SI), sandy silt loam (SII) and medium silt loam (SIII), which were collected from the arable layer (0-20 cm) of ploughed land in the vicinity of Krakow. Sewage sludge which originated from two municipal mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants, and their mixtures with peat (the materials were mixed in a 1:1 weight ratio in conversion to dry mass of organic matter) were used in the experiment. After wet mineralization of maize biomass in concentrated sulphuric acid, nitrogen was determined using Kjeldahl method in a Kjeltec II Plus apparatus. Sulphur was assessed after material mineralization in a concentrated nitric acid using the ICP–AES method in a JY 238 Ultrace apparatus. Fertilization with sewage sludge and sludge mixture with peat acted significantly better (as noted during the three-year experimental period) on maize yields than fertilization with mineral salts. In comparison with organic material and farmyard manure applied to soil, fertilization with mineral salts significantly increased nitrogen content in maize biomass. Sulphur content grew markedly in maize biomass fertilized with sewage sludge in comparison with the concentration of this element assessed in plants treated with farmyard manure. Values of the N:S ratio in aerial parts of maize from organic material treatments was within the optimal value range. The widest N:S ratio was assessed in the aerial parts and roots of maize receiving mineral fertilizers (NPK).

Janina Gospodarek, Aleksandra Nadgórska-Socha

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF LIMING AND MAGNESIUM TREATMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL ON THE CONTENT OF MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM AND IRON IN BROAD BEANS (VCIA FABA L. SSP. MAIOR)

Key words: heavy metals, magnesium fertilization, liming, accumulation, Mg, Ca, Fe.

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Tests have been conducted to determine the effect of liming and magnesium treatment on the content of magnesium, calcium and iron in broad bean plants growing on soil polluted with such heavy metals as cadmium, lead, nickel, copper and zinc. In 2005, an experiment was conducted in the village Zagaje Stradowskie (Świętokrzyskie Province) on degraded Chernozem formed from loess, acid in reaction and containing 1.13% of organic carbon. Analyses were performed on aerial parts of cv. White Windsor broad bean (Vicia faba L. ssp. maior), cultivated in three series: on limed soil, on soil receiving magnesium fertilizers; on unlimed soil without magnesium fertilization. In each series, the plants were cultivated on the following objects: unpolluted soil with a natural content of heavy metals (control); unpolluted soil with a natural content of heavy metals and mineral fertilization (control+NPK); soil polluted with a cadmium dose 4 mg kg^–1 d.m.; soil polluted with a dose of 530 mg kg^–1 of lead; soil contaminated with a copper dose 85 mg kg^–1 d.m., soil contaminated with a dose of 1000 mg kg^–1 of zinc and soil polluted with a nickel dose 110 mg kg^–1 d.m. Liming was based on the analysis of hydrolytic acidity of soils from individual objects. The administered dose was established according to 1Hh. Magnesium treatments were identical in all objects. i.e. 20.4 mg kg^–1 soil d.m. Soil contamination with zinc or nickel leads to a considerable decrease in magnesium and calcium level in broad bean aerial parts but rises iron level. Liming rather than magnesium fertilization applied to soil polluted with heavy metals, such as zinc or nickel, contributes to balancing the content of the analyzed macronutrients in broad beans. The content of Ca, Fe and Mg in plants after liming approached the level determined in the control plants.

Jolanta Grochowska, Renata Tandyrak

WATER CHEMISTRY OF LAKE GIŁWA

Key words: lake, nutrients, preliminary production, Secchi disc visibility, eutrophication.

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The study was carried on Lake Giłwa (100.8 ha, 9.4 m), in the drainage basin of the Giłwa and Pasłęka rivers. The data obtained in the study allowed the authors to classify Lake Giłwa as a water body belonging to the third stability degree according to Patalas (1960). As evidenced in the study, Lake Giłwa is a highly eutrophic reservoir. The lake waters were characterized by a high content of nutrients, up to 1.40 mg P dm^–3 and 12.47 mg N dm^–3. The high fertility of the lake was also exhibited by the values of BOD5 reaching 7 mg O₂ dm^–3, chlorophyll a content (73 mg m^–3) and low transparency – 0.7 m. In the peak of the summer, the stagnation oxygen profile is represented by a clinograde curve typical for eutrophic lakes, while carbon dioxide distribution in the water column is shown by a „reverse” clinograde curve, also typical for fertile reservoirs. The study has revealed that the water in Lake Giłwa is well buffered, as shown by the alkalinity values, 2.5-5.0 mval dm^–3. Total hardness of the reservoir water varied from 157.1 to 278.8 mg CaCO₃ dm^–3, which is typical of hard water. The hardness was conditioned mainly by the calcium content. With the River Giłwa, the lake receives wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Gietrzwałd, which is manifested, for example, by the high values of electrolytic conductivity (321-476 µS cm^–1), indicating the degree of mineral pollution of the lake. Despite the wastewater input, the amount of chlorides is rather low, 20 mg Cl dm^–3 at the most.

Monika Karaś

USE OF O-PHOSPHOSERINE (OPS) FOR THE SEPARATION OF PEPTIDES ON IMMOBILIZED COPPER IONS

Key words: peptides, IMAC, metal ions, o-phosphoserine.

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Recent research into the structure and properties of proteins and peptides as physiologically active diet components has spurred a new interest in the isolation and investigation of bioactive peptides of animal, plant and microbiological origin. The isolation and separation of protein and peptide mixtures requires advanced procedures. It usually involves a multi-stage separation process on chromatographic columns with various packing. Immobilised Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) is frequently used in the complex process of obtaining peptide fractions. Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) relies on the specific interactions between amino acids, their reactive groups in proteins and peptides and „transitory” metal ions, in particular Cu²⁺. Those ions are immobilised by the chelating compound on the bed, forming specific adsorbents which bind proteins and peptides. The aim of this study was to determine whether o-phosphoserine (OPS) can be used for the immobilization of copper ions on Sephadex G25 during the separation of peptides and proteins isolated from string beans. Frozen pods of dwarf, green-podded string bean cv. Fana were used in the study. Peptide were extracted from well-homogenized string bean pods with tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), from which high molecular weight proteins were isolated with methanol, acetone, 20% trichloroacetic acid and the Magnafloc M-22S cation flocculant. The protein and peptide content of the separated fractions was determined. The peptide content depended on the type of extract from which high molecular weight proteins were isolated. The results obtained by using OPS as a chelating agent in the separation of string bean can be recommended for analysis of plant peptides.

Jan Kucharski, Monika Tomkiel, Edyta Boros, Jadwiga Wyszkowska

THE EFFECT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH DIESEL OIL AND PETROL ON THE NITRIFICATION PROCESS

Key words: diesel oil, petrol, soil, nitrification, N-NH₄, N-NO₃.

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The effect of soil contamination with diesel oil and petrol on the nitrification process was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Samples of typical brown soil developed from loamy sand, of pH of 6.6 in 1M KCl, Hh –11.38 mmol(+) kg^–1 soil, S – 77.67 mmol(+) kg^–1 soil and C_org. – 8.50 g kg^–1 were analyzed. The experiment was performed in three replications, and for each test 100 g air-dry soil sample was placed in 150 cm³ beakers. Soil samples were contaminated with diesel oil and petrol with the addition of rapeseed oil and ethanol. The source of nitrogen was ammonium sulfate in the amount of 0 and 250 mg N per kg^–1 soil. The content of N-NO₃ and N-NH₄ was determined on experimental days 14, 28 and 42. Soil moisture was kept constant at 50% capillary water capacity throughout the experiment. Fertilizer nitrogen was subject to strong immobilization in soil contaminated with diesel oil and petrol. Both pollutants strongly inhibited the nitrification process. Diesel oil had a much stronger inhibitory effect on nitrification than petrol. Rapeseed oil also proved to be a powerful inhibiting factor. On experimental day 42, diesel oil reduced ammonium cation oxidation by 99%, and petrol – by 88%.

Bogusław Makarski, Ewa Makarska

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn AND LACTIC ACID TO DRINKING WATER ON CONTENT OF THESE ELEMENTS IN MUSCLES OF SLAUGHTER TURKEYS

Key words: turkeys, zinc, copper, lactic acid, breast and leg muscles.

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The study was conducted on 300 turkey cocks type BUT-9, grown under optimal conditions for this kind of poultry. The feed was a typical commercial full-dose mix for turkeys. The birds were divided into 5 experimental groups. From the 3^rd week of their life, they were given preparations with their drinking water. Group I was the control group, while drinking water for the test groups was enriched as follows: lactic acid (0.4%) for group II,  CuSO₄ in the amount of 30 mg Cu dm^–3 H₂O for group III, CuSO₄ (30 mg Cu dm^–3) and 0.4% of lactic acid for group IV and CuSO₄ in the amount of 50 mg Cu dm^–3 for group V. Application of the preparations was terminated after 3 days, when symptoms of poisoning were observed in turkey cocks of groups II and IV, alongside increased mortality rate. Samples of drinking water were taken for analyses, and from each group 10 birds were selected for slaughter to take tissue samples (breast and leg muscles). The objective of the experiments was to determine the concentration of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Fe in the consumable tissues of turkey cocks. The study showed that the highest rate of mortality of turkey cocks was observed in the group that was given lactic acid with their drinking water, and these turkeys had increased levels of Ca, Cu, Zn and Fe. In none of the groups, the content of Zn in the breast muscle exceeded 20 mg kg^–1, while the concentration of copper in all experimental groups (except the control) was above the level of 10 mg kg^–1. Increased doses of copper caused an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the leg muscles, while a combination of copper supplementation with lactic acid resulted in increased accumulation of Cu in both the breast and leg muscles.

Ewa Makarska, Anna Ciołek, Wanda Kociuba

INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL FORMS ON CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN GRAIN OF NEW WINTER TRITICALE HYBRID STRAINS

Key words: triticale, hybrid strains, mineral elements.

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The paper presents a study on the content of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in kernels (F5 generation) of winter triticale produced by crossbreeding three maternal with two paternal forms. As maternal forms, two strains were used, IGS 5101, FDT 975, as well as cultivar Alzo. The paternal components consisted of strains LAD 122 and F 8063. Morphologically established hybrid strains were selected at the Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The component selection for crossbreeding was performed to achieve hybrids with great yield-forming potential and to improve the resistance to grain sprouting. Minerals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. The results revealed differentiation in amounts of the analysed mineral components in hybrids depending on genotypes of the parental forms. Hybrid strains were usually characterized by a lower ash content in kernels than the parental forms. Among all the hybrids, strain IGS 5101 × F 8063 was distinguishable by its higher content of K, Ca, Mn, and Fe in grain versus both parental forms. It also excelled exceeded the other hybrids in respect of Ca, K and Mn. Tests on the mineral components in hybrid triticale strains indicate that it is possible to shape their levels through an appropriate selection of parental forms and selection during breeding work on X Triticosecale Wittmack genus to achieve cultivars of improved nutritional value.

Jan Meler, Bożena Grimling, Janusz Pluta

INVESTIGATION ON ADSORPTION OF FATTY AND BILE ACIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING CHROMIUM

Key words: chitosans, chromium, bioavability, adsorption, model in vitro.

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Dietary supplements contain not only macro- and microelements, but also elements which affect human metabolism. Many products available on the market contain chromium compounds together with chitosan used as a dietary supplement enhancing the digestion of lipids. The studies involved natural chitosan from krill available on the market, with the deacetylation degree of 85 to 95%, and dietary supplements containing chitosan (Vitana®, Hitec Nutrition®) as well as a product containing ionic chromium with niacin and several aminoacids – Chromdiet®). The study has determined the capability of binding fatty and bile acids by dietary supplements containing chitosan and chromium. The process of lipids and bile acids adsorption was investigated by means of a dynamic method in a biopharmaceutical model imitating in vitro conditions. The findings prove that extracts of fatty acids and bile acids undergo adsorption by various kinds of adjuvant substances found in dietary supplements, which confirms a significant effect of these polymers on the bioavailability of fatty and bile acids in a human organism. The addition of chromium to a supplement does not effect the capability of chitosan to bind fatty and bile acids. Mean adsorption of bile acids by 1 g of the polymer (chitosan, inulin, fibre) ranges from 0.9 g to 1.79 g depending on the pH (which decreases the bioavailability of lipids by 15-30%).

Mirosław Orzechowski, Sławomir Smólczyński

CONTENT OF Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu IN SOILS DEVELOPED FROM THE HOLOCENE DEPOSITS IN NORTH-EASTERN POLAND

Key words: macro- and microelements, alluvial soils, deluvial soils, mucky soils, peat-muck soils.

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Mineral alluvial and deluvial soils, mineral-organic mucky soils and organic peat-muck soils were developed from the Holocene deposits in northern Poland. The total content of Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was analysed in the following soils: alluvial soils which were formed from riverine deposits in delta and riverine landscapes, deluvial soils which were developed from slope deposits in a landscape of moraine hills and plains and in a riverine landscape as well as in mucky soils and peat-muck soils located in a landscape of moraine hills and plains and delta landscape. The aim of the paper was to determine total amount of the elements in a soil profile and catena sequence in the mentioned landscapes. Total content of analysed elements in the soils developed from the Holocene deposits varied considerably among the soil types, in a soil profile, among catena sequences and landscapes. The highest content of Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Zn and Cu was reported in alluvial soils whereas Ca reached the highest level in peat-muck soils. In the riverine landscape, the highest accumulation of total Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was stated for alluvial soils, having the lowest location in the catena. In the landscape of moraine hills and plains, total content of K, Zn and Cu was the highest in deluvial soils and mucky soils located in the lower part of the slope. The total content of Ca and P was the highest in peat-muck soils having the lowest location in the catena. Statistically significant differences in the content of Ca, Mg, K, and Cu were stated between alluvial soils in the riverine and delta landscapes. The differences in the content of analysed elements, excluding Cu, were also statistically significant between alluvial and deluvial soils. 

Hanna Siwek

SPECIATION ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS – COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS

Key words: bottom sediments, kettle holes, phosphorus, fractionation, multivalent metals.

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The purpose of this paper was to compare two methods of fractionation of reactive phosphorus forms (RP) in bottom sediments of polymictic water reservoirs located in rural areas. As a criterion for estimation, quantities RP extracted in analyzed fractions versus the general content of Al, Fe and Ca were used. The sediments were collected in springtime, from rural areas with different land use in the drainage basin (arable fields, uncultivated land, farmyards). The sediments were collected with a KC-Denmark core sampler for bottom sediments, which makes it possible to collect samples leaving the upper structure of 6 cm in thickness intact. After mineralization, each sample was analyzed for the general phosphorus content and a speciation analysis was performed by two methods. With the first method (M₁), the RP bonded to Al (Al_RP), Fe (Fe_RP) and Ca (Ca_RP) was determined. The second method (M₂) was applied to determine fractions of reactive phosphorus released from the sediments under reduced conditions, mainly from bonds with iron and manganese (BD_RP), adsorbed on aluminium oxides mainly Al₂O₃ and other surfaces (NaOH_RP) and apatite phosphorus and bonds with carbonates. In almost all the sediments, most RP was determined in the phosphorus fractions with Ca extracted with acid solution. For the fractions obtained via the M₁ method, more of the general RP, as well as phosphorus bonded to calcium and iron was found than for fractions obtained with the M₂ method, and the differences might be attributed to translocation of phosphorus from organic to inorganic compounds during fractioning. The fraction of reactive phosphorus determined with the M₁ method is correlated more strongly with the general content of the metal in the sediments than reactive phosphorus fractions determined with the M₂ method. The strong correlation between the content of iron and the fraction of BD_RP in mineral sediments shows that it can be an indicator of the sensitivity of sediment to changes in the redox potential.

Anetta Siwik-Ziomek, Jan Koper

CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF SULPHATE SULPHUR AND ARYLSULPHATASE ACTIVITY IN SOIL UNDER POTATO CAUSED BY FERTILIZATION

Key words: arylsulphatase, fertilization, soil, sulphate sulphur(VI).

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Biological processes which shape soil fertility are affected by microorganisms and enzymes they produce as well as the rate of biogeochemical transformations in the cycling of elements. One of the enzymes is arylsulphatase (EC 3.1.6.1.), which hydrolyses sulphate esters with aromatic radical, releasing sulphate ions according to the equation: R-C-O-SO₃^– + H₂O ® R-C-OH + SO₄^2– + H⁺. The enzyme plays an essential role in the sulphur cycle in soil and it can be an indicator of sulphur mineralization in soil. For his study, soil was sampled from a field under potato fertilized with different doses of farmyard manure (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha^–1) and mineral nitrogen (0, 45, 90, 135 kg N ha^–1). The activity of arylsulphatase was assayed according to Tabatabai and Bremner, while sulphate(VI) sulphur was determined as described by Bardsley and Lancaster. The content of organic carbon in the soil ranged from 8.168 to 10.96 g kg^–1 and depended on FYM fertilization, while the content of total nitrogen ranged from 0.889 to 1.012 g kg^–1 with an average of 0.960 g kg^–1 for FYM and mineral nitrogen doses. The effect of fertilisation on changes in the amount of sulphate sulphur and the activity of arylsulphatase in the soil were noted. The content of sulphate sulphur throughout the research ranged from 21.49 to 24.83 g kg^–1. The higher the FYM doses, the higher the content of the fraction of sulphur available to plants. The soil provided a good supply of sulphur to plants. The activity of the enzyme ranged from 0.010 to 0.024 µM pNP g^–1 h^–1. Its highest activity (an average 0.018 µM pNP g^–1 h^–1) was recorded in the samples fertilised with nitrogen at the amount of 45 kg ha^–1. Both parameters changed during the potato vegetation period.

Sławomir Smólczyński, Mirosław Orzechowski

DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN SOILS OF MORAINE LANDSCAPE IN MASURIAN LAKELAND

Key words: macro- and microelements, moraine landscape, toposequence, eroded soils, deluvial soils, mucky soils, strongly and slightly silted peat-muck soils.

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The research was carried out in three catenas, in which the soils made a typical toposequence of the moraine landscape in Masurian Lakeland, i.e. eroded soils, deluvial soils, mucky soils as well as slightly and strongly silted peat-muck soils. The total content of Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was analyzed in these soils. The amounts of soil organic matter and measured elements showed catenal variation. Mucky soils had the highest content of Mg, K, Fe and Na whereas strongly and slightly silted peat-muck soils contained the highest amounts of P, Mn, Ca and Cu. The content of Ca was positively correlated with organic matter content. The amount of Mg, K, Cu and Mn was positively correlated with the amount of clay fraction. As the studied soils are located at the bottom of a slope, downwards water flow, where mineral compounds are accumulated in deposits or dissolved in water, mucky soils and silted peat-muck soils contain high amounts of the analyzed elements. Mucky soils and silted peat-muck soils play a role of biogeochemical barriers protecting wetlands against nutrients from surrounding moraine uplands. Surface horizons of deluvial soils were depleted of the analyzed elements (excluding P) whereas AO horizons of mucky soils and Mt horizons of peat-muck soils were abundant in the measured elements (excluding Ca). Various amounts of the analyzed elements in the pedons of the catena sequences should be taken into consideration when planning land use in the moraine landscape, which has unique natural values.

Sławomir Szymczyk

INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF SOIL DEWATERING AND LAND USE ON THE DYNAMICS OF CONCENTRATIONS AND VOLUME OF NITROGEN DISCHARGED FROM AGRICUTLURAL AREAS

Key words: nitrogen, drains, ditches, agricultural basin, draining systems.

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Studies on the dynamics of concentrations and discharge of nitrogen load through draining systems were carried out in Olsztyn Lake District (Pojezierze Olsztyńskie) from 1994 to 2007. For the tests, three basins were selected: an agricultural basin drained with a drainage system, an agricultural and forested basin drained with a network of ditches and drains, and an agriculrual basin with a large forest cover (ca 30%), drained with ditches. The discharge of water through the draining facilities was measured every two weeks, and once a month, N-NO₃, N-NO₂, N-NH₄ as well as Kjeldahl nitrogen were determined. It has been demonstrated that the volume of discharged water carried away through draining systems depends primarily on the amount and distribution of atmospheric precipitation, epsecially during the winter half-year. The dynamics of concentrations and loads of nitrogen in water discharged via draining systems varied with time and depended not only on the amount and distribution of precipitation over a year and in the multi-year period, but also on the type of land use in a given basin and a draining system.  It was also found out that intensive rainfall in summer only slightly increased the discharge of water from the basinm drained with the drainage system. The load of total nitrogen flowing away through the draining systems from agricultural basins was closely connected with the amount of discharged water and water levels of mineral nitrogen compounds, especially N-NO₃. The highest nitrogen loss from drained areas appeared in spring, which was associated with the seasonal character of water outflow, culmunating in March-April. The highest concentration of total nitrogen (16.69 mg dm^–3) was determined in water discharged through the network of ditches and drains, but due to a more intensive dewatering of soils, a higher total nitrogen load (on average 33% more) was discharged through drains. Per 1 ha of an agricultural basin, the annual outflow of total nitrogen was up to 13.13 kg, including 12.04 kg of mineral nitrogen.

Jadwiga Wyszkowska, Mirosław Kucharski, Jan Kucharski

ACTIVITY OF B-GLUCOSIDASE, ARYLSULFATASE AND PHOSPHATASES IN SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH COPPER

Key words: copper, b-glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, resistance rate, soil contamination with copper.

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A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of soil (loamy sand and sandy loam) contamination with copper doses of 0, 150, 450 mg Cu kg^-1 d.m. soil on the activity of b-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) in soil. The resistance of these enzymes to copper pollution was also estimated. Soil samples were contaminated with copper chloride. The experiment was carried out in five replications, in two series. The first series was performed on uncropped soil and the second one – on cropped soil. The experimental plants were oat, spring rape and yellow lupine. The activity of soil enzymes was determined in the analyzed samples on the 25^th and the 50^th day of the experiment. The results of the experiment showed that copper contamination in doses of 150 mg to 450 mg kg^-1 soil significantly inhibits soil’s biochemical activity. The sensitivity of the tested enzymes to copper was determined in the following order: alkaline phosphatase > arylsulfatase > acid phosphatase > b-glucosidase. The resistance of the above enzymes to copper depended on the cultivated plant species, soil type and the type of soil use and management. In samples of sandy loam, copper induced the smallest change in the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, and in loamy sand – in the activity of arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. In uncropped soil, copper was the least effective in changing the activity of arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. All of the tested enzymes were less resistant to copper contamination in cropped than in uncropped soil. In soil planted with oat, b-glucosidase was the most resistant and arylsulfatase was the least resistant enzyme to copper contamination. In samples sown with spring rape, the analogous enzymes were arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase. In yellow lupine treatments, alkaline phosphatase was the most and b-glucosidase was the least resistant enzyme.

VOLUME 14 - NUMBER 4 - DECEMBER 2009

Marzena S. Brodowska, Adam Kaczor

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS FORMS OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN ON CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT AND UPTAKE IN SPRING WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AND COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)

Key words: calcium content, magnesium content, uptake, form of sulphur, nitrogen fertilization, spring wheat, cocksfoot.

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The study assessed the effect of various forms of sulphur (Na₂S₂O₃, elemental S and Na₂SO₄) and nitrogen (UAN-30, NH₄NO₃) on calcium and magnesium content and uptake in spring wheat and cocksfoot. A two-year pot experiment was conducted on soil material of clayey silt granulometric composition. Before the experiment, the soil was characterized by slight acidity and low content of assimilable forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur. The results show that the experimental factors caused noticeable variation in the content and uptake of calcium and magnesium in spring wheat and cocksfoot. Among the sulphur fertilizers, the greatest increase in calcium and magnesium content and uptake was produced by application of sodium sulphate. The increase in calcium and magnesium uptake was more marked in the case of plants fertilized with nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the analyzed parameters also depended on the species of plant. Wheat grown in the series with ammonium nitrate was characterized by higher Ca and Mg content and uptake than plants fertilized with nitrogen in the form of liquid UAN 30. Calcium uptake by wheat fertilized with NH₄NO₃ was on average 15% higher for grain and 9% higher for straw compared to wheat fertilized with UAN 30. As for magnesium, the increase was 24.5% and 18%, respectively. Concerning cocksfoot, fertilization with UAN 30 had a greater affect on content and uptake of the analyzed nutrients than ammonium nitrate.

Maria Brzezińska, Monika Krawczyk,

CHANGES OF THE MINERAL PROFILE OF SERUM OF GOATS IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES

Key words: goats, breeding season, pregnancy, lactation, macroelements.

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The aim of this work was to obtain comparative evaluation of the content of calcium (both the total and ionic forms), magnesium and phosphorus in the blood serum of goats during three physiological states characterized by much instability of the mineral balance. The study involved 15 goats, divided into 3 groups in different physiological states (breeding season, pregnancy, lactation period). The study showed that the mean content of the ionic form of calcium (A,D – 1.210; B,E – 1.135; C,F – 1.115) and total calcium (A,D –1.640; B,E – 2.075; C,F – 2.045) in all the groups was within the range reference concentrations. It can be thought that the low content of calcium was caused by its deficiency in fodder and unstable hormonal balance (pregnancy and lactation period). The reason why the mean content of calcium did not reach the reference level for this species was a high content of P (A,D – 1.650; B,E – 2.040; C,F – 2.125) and Mg (A,D – 0.970; B,E – 1.415; C,F – 0.990) in blood serum.

Piotr Chohura, Eugeniusz Kołota, Andrzej Komosa

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION WITH FE CHELATES ON THE STATE OF IRON NUTRITION OF GREENHOUSE TOMATO

Key words: greenhouse tomato, fertilization, chelates, index parts, iron uptake.

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A greenhouse experiment aimed at investigating the effect of four chelates, differing in percentage of Fe content and the kind of Fe bonding ligand: Fe 8 Forte (EDTA+HEEDTA), Fe 9 Premium (DTPA), Fe 13 Top (EDTA) and Librel Fe DP7 (DTPA), on the state of iron nutrition of Merkury F1 cultivar greenhouse tomato grown traditionally in peat substrate. The second factor was iron content in the growing medium, which was established to reach the following levels: 50, 75 and 100 mg Fe dm^-3, while in the control object Fe values ranged 17.9 Fe dm^-3 (after peat liming). The experiment was established in a two-factorial design with three replications including four plants cultivated on one plot. The iron content was assayed in plant index parts according to the ASA method. On the basis of the results, significant differences were found in the state of greenhouse tomato nutrition under the influence of the examined iron chelates. The highest content of iron in tomato leaves was determined when chelate Fe 9 Premium (DTPA) was used, which points to the fact that it was the best source of Fe. The lowest iron level was recorded after the application of Fe 13 Top (EDTA). The highest mean Fe content for the years and dates of analyses appeared in leaves of plants cultivated in the growing medium containing 75 mg Fe dm^-3. In June, after the plants began to yield, there was a considerable decrease in the Fe content in plant index parts in comparison to the stage of fruit maturation and the end of yielding. The study did not demonstrate any symptoms of phytotoxicity or visible disorders regarding tomato growth and development due to the examined Fe chelates introduced in the doses of 32.1, 57.1 and 82.1 mg Fe dm^-3 to the substrate, whose initial Fe concentration after peat liming was on average 17.9 mg Fe dm^-3.

Adam Kaczor, Marzena S. Brodowska

YIELD OF COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.) AND ITS NITROGEN AND SULPHUR CONTENT AFTER FERTILIZATION WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF THESE NUTRIENTS

Key words: form of sulphur, nitrogen fertilization, sulphur content, nitrogen content, cocksfoot.

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This study has analyzed the effect of fertilization with various forms of nitrogen and sulphur on cocksfoot yield and on the content of these nutrients in the plant. The study was based on a strict experiment conducted on soil material from the arable layer of brown soil of clayey silt granulometric composition. The soil used in the experiment was characterized by slight acidity and low content of assimilable forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur. The results indicate that the experimental factors caused significant variation in cocksfoot yield. Significant variations in yield also occurred as a result of the interaction between these factors. The highest yields were obtained where nitrogen was applied in the liquid form (UAN-30) and sulphur was applied in the form of Na₂SO₄. Significant increases in yield after application of elemental sulphur were not observed until the second cut was harvested, which clearly indicates that this is a slow-acting fertilizer. Fertilization with various forms of nitrogen and sulphur also caused marked variation in total S content, total N content and N-NO₃ in the plants. Total sulphur content – depending on the experimental object and on the time of harvest – ranged from 1.37 to 3.15 g S kg^-1, while total nitrogen content ranged from 29.06 to 38.72 g N kg^-1. The data obtained indicate that sulphur content in plants that were not fertilized with this nutrient was much lower than is considered optimal for grasses. This explains the effect of sulphur on yield observed in the experiment. Fertilization with sulphur also had a beneficial effect on nitrogen metabolism, manifested as a more than twofold decrease in nitrate nitrogen in the plants fertilized with sulphur.

Dorota Kalembasa, Anna Majchrowska-Safaryan, Krzysztof Pakuła

PROFILE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEAD AND CHROMIUM FRACTIONS FOUND IN SOILS LOCALIZED ON A MORAINE SLOPE

Key words: sequential extraction, Zeien and Brümmer’s method, fractions, lead, chromium, moraine slope.

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In order to evaluate a potential threat to soil environment by heavy metals, it is important to separate and determine their fractions by means of sequential extraction. The research aimed at evaluating the total content of lead and chromium as well as their fractions in soils localized on a moraine slope in the Siedlce Heights (transects A and B). Sequential fractionation of these elements was carried out according to Zeien and Brümmer’s method. Chemical analyses revealed varied contents of seven lead and chromium fractions in the soils. The largest amounts of both heavy metals were mostly recorded in the residual fraction (F₇), and those of lead also in the organic fraction (F₄). The least lead was found in the exchangeable fraction (F₂) (it was not detected in easily soluble fraction F₁), while the least chromium appeared in the easily soluble (F₁) and organic fractions (F₄). Statistical processing revealed that the examined lead and chromium fractions generally depended on separated fractions, total contents of these metals, and some properties of analyzed soils.

Dorota Kalembasa, Elżbieta Malinowska

THE YIELD AND CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIOMASS OF MISCANTHUS SACCHARIFLORUS (MAXIM.) HACK. AND IN SOIL IN THE THIRD YEAR OF A POT EXPERIMENT

Key words: Miscanthus sacchariflorus, biomass, fertilization, sewage sludge, trace elements.

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In the third year of a pot experiment (in a greenhouse), the carryover influence of fertilization with fresh sewage sludge and, for comparison, mineral fertilization on the content and uptake of Fe, Mn, Mo, B, Ba, Sr, As, Sn, Li, and Ti by the biomass of Miscanthus sacchariflorus grass. The yield of silver-grass biomass was evaluated on the basis of two harvests (June and December). Trace elements in the tested grass as well as in the soil (after harvest) were determined by means of the ICP-AES technique after sample combustion in a muffle furnace. Significant influence of sewage sludge fertilization on yield of silver-grass biomass was found. Grass harvested in autumn contained higher contents of some analyzed trace elements (Fe, Mn, Sr, Ba, and Ti) than that harvested in summer. The uptake of trace elements uptake by the silver-grass biomass was higher from the objects fertilized with sewage sludge than the ones receiving mineral fertilization. After three years of cultivation, the soil contained more Fe, Mn, Ba, Sr, Ti, B, and Li as compared to the content before the experiment.

Anna Karczewska, Bernard Gałka, Karolina Kocan

A CARRYOVER EFFECT OF THE CHELATING AGENTS EDTA AND EDDS APPLIED TO SOILS ON THE UPTAKE OF COPPER AND IRON BY MAIZE IN THE SECOND YEAR OF A POT EXPERIMENT

Key words: soil, phytoextraction, complexing, chelator, EDTA, EDDS, copper, iron.

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A pot experiment was established in 2006 to examine whether induced phytoextraction can remove copper from soils polluted with emissions from copper smelters. Two soils tested in the experiment were sand and loam in texture, and contained 620 and 510 mg kg^-1 Cu, respectively. Maize was used as a testing plant. Two chelating agents: EDTA and biodagradable EDDS were introduced into the soils at the rates of  0.2; 0.5 and 1.0 mmol kg^-1 to intensify the process of Cu phytoextraction. The results that have been already published indicated that application of both chelators caused increase in Cu uptake by plants in 2006, although the concentrations of Cu in biomass were far below those required for effective phytoextraction. Additionally, both chelators caused intensive leaching of metals from soils. This paper focuses on the carryover effects observed in the subsequent year, 2007, certainly caused by the application of chelators. EDTA, particularly when applied at the highest rate, caused considerable deterioration of plant growth, reduction of plant yields and increased uptake of Cu by plants grown in both soils. The plants showed unquestionable effects of copper phytotoxicity. In the plots where EDDS was applied, a small decrease in yield was observed in the case of plants grown on sandy soil, whereas in plants grown on loamy soil a significant increase in plant yields and decrease in Cu concentrations in shoot biomass occurred compared with the control plots. Cu and Fe concentrations in plant shoots were positively correlated with each other, and the plants with the highest concentrations of Cu also contained the highest concentrations of Fe. Application of the chelating agents, particularly EDTA, in 2006 caused a long-lasting increase of Cu and Fe solubility in soil, and plant uptake of those elements in 2007 correlated positively with soil concentrations of soluble metal forms, extracted with 1 mol dm^-3 NH₄NO₃ and 0.01 mol dm^-3 CaCl₂.

Małgorzata Kwiecień, Anna Winiarska-Mieczan

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF HERBS ON BODY WEIGHT AND ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE TIBIA BONES OF BROILER CHICKENS

Key words: broiler chicken, herb, tibia bones, physical and chemical parameters.

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Bones, even after their growth has been completed, react to both external and internal factors which include feeding. The process of bone mineralization, including limb bones, is a very important index of the effectiveness and quality of feeding procedures, aswell as a measure of the organism’s health status. Antibiotics, which used to be very popular growth stimulators in feeding, have recently been replaced with natural feed additives, namely herbs. Although the usefulness of herbs has been known for a long time, little information has been found so far concerning their use in animal feeding and effect on the physical parameters and the chemical composition of the bones chickens. The aim of the present work was to determine a potential influence of herbs added to chickens’ diets on the body weight, chosen physical parameters of tibia bones: their weight, length and the content of the basic mineral components of the bone. The experiment was conducted on 210 broiler chickens of the Ross 308 line, divided into seven feeding groups: the control group (I – a mixture containing an antibiotic) and six experimental ones (II – hops, III – lime, IV – lemon balm, V – pansy, VI – peppermint, VII – nettle). In the bone samples, their weight, length, and the chemical composition of ash: Ca, Mg and P were determined. The results obtained in the present study reveal that an addition of nettle or lemon balm to the mixtures led to an increase in the body weight of broiler chickens. An addition of hops (II) to the mixtures led to a decrease in the length of the bones. An addition of lemon balm, pansy, peppermint or nettle to the mixtures had a negative effect on the level of Mg in the bones.

 Joanna Majkowska-Gadomska

MINERAL CONTENT OF MELON FRUIT (CUCUMIS MELO L.)

Key words: melon, cultivars, cultivation methods, chemical composition.

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Melons are highly demanding, thermophilous plants, which is why they are unpopular among fruit growers. Melon cultivation requires special treatment methods for the improvement of microclimatic conditions. Seven Polish melon cultivars are presently grown on the domestic market. They are well adapted to the local climate. The growth rate, vigor, fruit shape, fruit size, rind color and flesh thickness of those cultivars vary. The objective of this study was to determine the mineral content of edible parts of four field-grown melon cultivars in the Warmia region (NE Poland). This study discusses the mineral content of melon fruit subject to the investigated cultivar and cultivation method. In Poland, melon production is difficult and unreliable. The main problem is the selection of an appropriate cultivar and cultivation method. The analyzed material consisted of four Polish melon cultivars: Malaga F₁, Melba, Oliwin, Seledyn F₁, grown in a field experiment without protective cover, under polyethylene (PE) sheet cover, under non-woven polypropylene (PP) cover, with soil mulching, as well as with soil mulching under PE sheet cover or nonwoven PP cover. The highest concentrations of total N, K, Ca and Cu were determined in melon fruit of cv. Oliwin. Significant variations in total nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the edible parts of melon plants were noted subject to the applied cultivation method. Cucumis melo L. grown in the control treatment without protective cover was marked by significantly higher levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus in the fruit, compared with fruit grown with the use of other cultivation methods. The results of this study indicate that the fruit of melon plants cv. Seledyn grown in mulched soil under non-woven PP cover was characterized by the most favorable Ca:Mg and Ca:P ratios in comparison with fruit from the remaining treatments.

Agnieszka Medyńska, Cezary Kabała, Tadeusz Chodak, Paweł Jezierski

CONCETRATION OF COPPER, ZINC, LEAD AND CADMIUM IN PLANTS CULTIVATED IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF ŻELAZNY MOST COPPER ORE TAILINGS IMPOUNDMENT

Key words: tailings impoundment, trace elements, cereals, potato.

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Regular monitoring of soil and plants in the surroundings of Żelazny Most tailings impoundment has been held since 1996. The results presented in this paper refer to potatoes and grains of cereals such as wheat, barley, triticale and oats, which are the most popular crops planted in that area in 2004-2006. The average content of heavy metals in 2006 in cereals and potatoes was approximately: Cu – 3.7 and 1.3 mg kg^-1 of fresh mass; Zn – 20.6 and 3.5 mg kg^-1; Pb – 0.14 and 0.04 mg kg^-1; Cd – 0.055 and 0.011 mg kg^-1, respectively. All those concentrations are well below threshold limit values accepted in Poland. No significant differences in Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations between the tested cereals were found. Zinc concentration in wheat and oat was significantly lower than in barley and triticale. The copper ore tailings impoundment in Żelazny Most, although very large, at present has no negative impact on the quality of crops and species of cereals and pasture plants cropped in its surroundings.

Barbara Murawska, Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM FERTILISATION ON THE CONTENT OF IONS IN THE SOIL SOLUTION

Key words: fertilisation, ions, salt indicator.

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The aim of the present research was to evaluate whether or not, and to what extent, exclusive mineral fertilisation affects the content of water-soluble ions determining the soil salinity. The soil was sampled from the arable layer of a multi-year field experiment carried out in 1974-2007. The research involved differentiated nitrogen fertilisation (factor I, n=3) and potassium fertilisation (factor II, n=4). The content of water-soluble ions was defined in water extract, in the soil to water ratio of 1:5; cations K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ were determined with the method of emission spectrometry and Mg²⁺ – with atomic absorption. Anions were analysed with the argentometric (Cl^-) and nephelometric (SO₄^2-) methods. In addition, electrolytic conductivity (R) was tested with the conductometric method, based on which the salt concentration in the solution (C) and the ionic strength (I) were calculated. The present results were statistically verified. The prolonged application of intensive nitrogen and potassium fertilisation (32 years) significantly differentiated the content of cations: K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ as well as anions: Cl^- and SO₄^2- in soil solution. The contents of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ in the soil solutions differed and fell within the range of (mean value) 0.136-0.507 (0.281) K⁺, 0.398-0.555 (0.472) Na⁺, 1-2.192 (1.350) Ca²⁺ and 0.211- 0.365 (0.272) Mg²⁺ mmol(+) kg^-1. The highest nitrogen dose significantly limited the concentration of SO₄^2- in the soil solution, while the different doses of potassium did not result in such significant changes in the concentration of the above ions. The content of chlorine ions in the soil solution did not depend significantly on differentiated nitrogen and potassium fertilisation. No effect of the long-term mineral fertilisation on soil salinity was noted.

Barbara Patorczyk-Pytlik

THE CONTENT OF SELENIUM IN SOME SPECIES OF MEADOW PLANTS

Key words: Se, soils, grasses, herbs.

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The aim of the investigation carried out in 2006-2007 was to assess differences between 5 grass species and 5 species of plants belonging to meadow herbs in their ability to accumulate selenium. According to the results, among the grass species, the samples of Arrhenatherum elatuis L. had the highest average Se content (46 µg Se kg^-1 d.m.), and the lowest average Se amount was found in Holcus lanatus L. (24 µg Se kg^-1 d.m.). The content of Se in meadow weeds (70 µg Se×kg-1 d.m.) was approximately twice as high as in grasses (32 µg Se kg^-1 dm.). Among this group of plants, the highest Se accumulation occurred in Equisetum arvense L. (103 µg Se kg^-1 dm.) and the lowest – in Taraxacum officinale (59 µg Se kg^-1 dm.). Both in grasses and in meadow weeds, the Se content significantly depended on the amount of this element in soils. In the following species: Dactylis glomerata L., Arrhenatherum elatius L., Poa pratensis L. and Taraxacum officinale, the amount of accumulated Se was also conditioned by the soil’s abundance in organic and total C.

Barbara Patorczyk-Pytlik, Grzegorz Kulczycki

CONTENT OF SELENIUM IN ARABLE SOILS NEAR WROCLAW

Key words: Se, soil properties.

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The material for this study consisted of 60 soil samples collected from the arable layer of cultivated fields located in the vicinity of Wrocław. The samples varied in their properties and reflected a whole range of soil types to be found in the region of Lower Silesia. The examinations proved that selenium content in arable soils near Wroclaw ranged from 81 to 449 µg kg^-1 and the average value of Se content in these soils was 202 µg kg^-1. The lowest Se content appeared in sandy soils (174 µg kg^-1), while the highest value was found in loamy soils. The mean value of Se content calculated for this group of soils was 228 µg kg^-1. Selenium content in soils varied to a high degree (V=42%). The value lower than 100 µg kg^-1, assumed as a critical one for the quality of plant yield, was recorded for 4 samples, while in 33 soil samples the Se content fell in the range of 101-200 µg kg^-1 and in 14 samples it ranged from 201 to 300 µg kg^-1. Only 9 soils out of these subjected to investigation characterized selenium value higher than 300 µg kg^-1, i.e. the value regarded as medium soil fertility. Se content in soils was highly correlated with their content of silt and clay, as well as colloidal parts and also with the amount of C and total content of such chemical elements as P, S, Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni.

Elżbieta Pisulewska, Ryszard Poradowski, Jacek Antonkiewicz, Robert Witkowicz

THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND GRAIN MINERAL COMPOSITION OF COVERED AND NAKED OAT CULTIVARS

Key words: oats, fertilizing, yield, chemical composition.

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Among the cereals grown in Poland, oat grain contains the highest amount of ash, composed of macro- and microelements. It has been suggested that applying increased levels of mineral fertilization, to newer cultivars of oat could have an impact on their grain yield and mineral composition. A two-factorial (2x2) field experiment was conducted for three years (1999-2001) in the south of Poland. The experiment involved two cultivars of oat, i.e. the covered cultivar Dukat and the naked cultivar Akt, and two fertilization levels, i.e. low (30 kg N, 30 kg P₂O₅ and 45 kg K₂O ha^-1) and high (60 kg N, 60 kg P₂O₅ and 90 K₂O ha^-1). There was no significant difference in grain yield between the studied cultivars. On the other hand, the high NPK level increased the content of Mg and Fe in the grain of Akt. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the grain content of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn between Dukat and Akt. Overall, the high level of mineral fertilizing decreased the grain content of microelements as a result of dilution effect. The content of Cu and Zn in oat grain was suitable for human consumption according to the IUNG-PIB standards. Generally, it was shown that cv. Akt was richer in mineral elements, especially in P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, than cv. Dukat.

Anna Podleśna

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON CONTENT AND UPTAKE OF CHLORINE BY OILSEED RAPE UNDER POT EXPERIMENT CONDITIONS

Key words: nitrogen, chlorine doses, yielding, dynamic of chlorine uptake.

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At present, chlorine counts as one of the elements which are essential for growth and development of plants because it plays an important role in main physiological processes as well as in plant protection against diseases. In Poland, the problem of chlorine shortage does not appear, therefore there are no studies on its present concentration and accumulation in field crops. However, the content of chlorine in plants and their tolerance to its excess in soil are varied. Under conditions of its high availability in the environment, its excessive accumulation is possible because chlorine is easily taken up from soil and directly from air. The aim of this study has been to find out the concentration and accumulation of chlorine in winter oilseed rape organs in dependence on N and Cl supply from the flowering up to the full maturity phase. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of IUNG-PIB, in Mitscherlich pots, where winter oilseed rape was cultivated. The first experimental factor was nitrogen fertilization (1.4 and 2.8 g pot^-1) and the second was chlorine application (0, 0.47, 0.97 and 1.42 g pot^-1). Chlorine concentration in plants was dependent on N dose, which caused its decrease, and on Cl dose, which resulted in its increase. The most abundant in chlorine were leaves while flowers and developing siliques contained the least of this element. Chlorine accumulated mainly in rape leaves. The accumulation of chlorine in oilseed rape increased under higher plant supply in N and Cl. The experimental plants showed a moderate supply in Cl, except the object fertilized with the highest dose of chlorine.

Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Sławomir Krzebietke, Teresa Wojnowska, Piotr Żarczyński, Małgorzata Omilian

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM DIFFERENTIATED FERTILIZATION WITH FARMYARD MANURE AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF AVAILABLE FORMS OF P, K AND Mg IN SOIL

Key words: available nutrients (P, K, Mg), multi-year experiment, farmyard manure, mineral fertilization.

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The investigations were carried out in 2002-2005, on proper grey-brown podsoilic soil originating from light loam (class IIIa in the soil valuation system, very good rye complex), on the basis of a two-factor experiment established in 1986 according to the random block design with four replications. The arable horizon of the soil, before the experiment, was characterized by slightly acidic reaction (pH1 mol KCl dm^-3 was 6.2) and the concentrations of available nutrients were as follows: 100.0 mg K, 53.2 mg Mg and 41.3 mg P kg^-1 of soil. Soil samples for chemical tests were collected from the arable layer after harvesting crops grown in a rotation: sugar beet, spring barley, maize and spring wheat. The content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium were determined by Egner-Riehm method (DL), and that of manganese using Schachtschabel’s method. The purpose of the study has been to determine the influence of mineral fertilization with or without FYM on the content of available macronutrients in soil. The statistical analysis of the results have shown a significant influence of manure on the level of available P, K and Mg in the tested soil. When both FYM and mineral fertilizers were introduced to soil, its abundance in available magnesium was 2.6-fold higher than after mineral fertilization alone had been applied. FYM raised nearly 3-fold the content of available forms of potassium in soil compared to the content found when only mineral fertilization was used.

Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Teresa Wojnowska, Sławomir Krzebietke, Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Piotr Żarczyński

CONTENT OF AVAILABLE FORMS OF SOME MICRONUTRIENTS IN SOIL AFTER LONG-TERM DIFFERENTIATED FERTILIZATION

Key words: manure, mineral fertilizers, available forms of Cu, Zn and Mn in soil.

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The objective of this study has been to follow modifications in the content of Cu, Zn and Mn in the topmost layer of soil which had been fertilized for many years with farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers or with mineral fertilizers alone. Soil samples were collected in 2002-2005 from a trial established in 1986 on proper brown podsolic soil, according to the random block design with four replication. The first factor consisted of organic fertilization (manure applied every two years or without manure). The second factor involved different rates of mineral fertilization. Rates of nutrients in the mineral fertilizers were identical in both experimental series – with or without manure. In each year, the same crop was grown on both fields, in a crop rotation system: sugar beet (2002), spring barley (2003), maize (2004) and spring wheat (2005). Plant available forms of nutrients were extracted from soil in 1 mol HCl dm^-3 solution. After extraction, the content of metals was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results underwent statistical processing using analysis of variance for a two-factor experiment. The content of available forms of copper, zinc and manganese in soil regularly amended with manure was evidently higher than analogous concentrations determined in soil receiving only mineral fertilization since 1986. Manure most strongly improved the concentration of Cu (nearly 1.7-fold), while producing the weakest influence on manganese (over 1.3-fold more). In absolute values, however, the increase in availability of manganese was the highest, reaching on average 52 mg kg^-1 of soil. Differentiated mineral fertilization with nitrogen or potassium as well as manganese and liming to a lesser extent than manure modified the availability of Cu, Zn and Mn in soil. Among these nutrients, nitrogen most often increased the content of plant assimilable forms of metals in soil, which may have been caused by its acidifying influence.

Małgorzata Skwierawska, Lucyna Zawartka

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATES AND FORMS OF SULPHUR ON CONTENT OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL

Key words: fertilization, sulphate sulphur, elementary sulphur, available phosphorus, soil.

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A three-year field experiment was conducted in Byszwałd near Lubawa in 2000-2002. The aim of this study has been to determine the influence of increasing rates of sulphur on the dynamics of available phosphorus in soil at two horizons: 0-40 and 40-80 cm. The trial was set up on acid brown soil of the granulometric composition of heavy loamy sand. The initial soil had the following properties: pH_KCl = 5.30, mineral nitrogen 24.0, sulphate sulphur 4.10, available phosphorus 34.5 and potassium 110.0 mg kg^-1 of soil. Three levels of sulphur fertilization were applied: 40, 80 and 120 kg ha^-1 in the sulphate form (S-SO₄) and as elementary sulphur (S-S0). During the whole duration of the field trials, the results demonstrating the effect of fertilization with different forms and rates of sulphur on the content and transfer of available phosphorus in soil were inconsistent. Only the dose of 120 kg ha^-1 S-SO₄ caused a significant increase in the concentration of available sulphur in soil in the 0-40 and 40-80 cm layers. All the rates of elementary sulphur as well as 40 and 80 kg ha^-1 sulphate sulphur caused little less but an increasing tendency in the content of phosphorus in soil. The effect of elementary sulphur became apparent as late as the third year of the trials. The effect of the doses of 40 and 80 kg ha^-1 of sulphur on properties of soil depended on the form of sulphur, duration of the experiment.

Jarosław Waroszewski, Cezary Kabała, Katarzyna Szopka

TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS OF UPPER ZONE OF SPRUCE FOREST ON SZRENICA MOUNT AND THE KOWARSKI GRZBIET RANGE IN THE KARKONOSZE MOUNTAINS

Key words: soils, trace elements, upper spruce-zone, the Karkonosze Mountains.

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New regular examination of soil contamination with trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cu) in the upper zone of spruce forest in the western (Mount Szrenica) and eastern (Kowarski Grzbiet range) Karkonosze Mountains was carried out as part of the monitoring network of forest ecosystems in the Karkonosze Mountains National Park. Soil samples were taken at the following three depths: forest litter (the whole layer), 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. Clearly raised concentrations of lead were found, particularly in forest litter (mean 83.2 mg kg^-1) and in horizons 0-10 cm (mean 73.3 mg kg^-1). Copper and zinc occurred in smaller amounts, in the ectohumus layer 47.5 mg Zn kg^-1 and 23.8 mg Cu kg^-1 (mean concentrations), and in the layer 0-10 cm – 33.7 mg Zn kg^-1 and 19.9 mg Cu kg^-1. Zinc and copper concentrations in soils of the upper spruce forest zone did not increase with altitude above mean sea level, and were slightly higher in the eastern part of Karkonosze Mts. (the Kowarski Grzbiet). Concentrations of lead were apparently higher in the western part of the Karkosze Mts. and increased with altitude AMSL.

Anna Wójcikowska-Kapusta, Bożena Niemczuk

COPPER SPECIATION IN DIFFERENT-TYPE SOIL PROFILES

Key words: rendzina, Haplic Arenosols, lessive soil, forms of copper.

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Determination of the total content of metals in soils does not give enough information about their mobility and potential uptake by plants. The influence of heavy metals on plants depends on the type and form of a metal as well as properties of soil. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of soil type (Rendzic Leptosols, Haplic Luvisols, Haplic Arenosols) on the content and speciation of copper in soil profiles. The research was carried out in two physiographical regions: Lublin Upland and Sandomierska Valley. Samples were collected once from individual genetics horizons, in total from 30 typological differentiated soil profiles, made from chalk marl, loess and sands. Speciation analysis of copper was carried out with the use of a three-stage sequential method of fractionation, which can isolate four fractions with BCR: fraction I – forms soluble in water, exchangeable and bounded with calcium carbonate, extractable with CH₃COOH; fraction II – forms bound with free Fe and Mn oxides, extractable with NH₂OHHCl; fraction III – forms complexed with organic matter, hot extractable with 30% H₂O₂ and next the mineralization products reextractable with CH₃COONH₄; fraction IV – residual forms (residue), i.e. the difference between the total content and the sum of three fractions I – III. The speciation analysis indicated that in all the examined soil types, the residual form showed the largest share of copper in its total content, followed by forms bounded with organic matter and, containing the smallest proportion of copper, the soluble, exchangeable and bound with calcium carbonate forms. In rendzinas and lessive soils, the content of fraction IV in the humus horizons was significantly higher than in the parent rock, whereas in Haplic Arenosols the host rock was richer in this copper form than the humus horizons.

VOLUME 14 - NUMBER 3 - SEPTEMBER 2009

Jacek Alberski, Stanisław Grzegorczyk, Adam Kozikowski, Marzena Olszewska

HABITAT OCCURRENCE AND NUTRITION VALUE OF ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. IN GRASSLANDS

Key words: habitat, soil category, nutrition value, Achillea millefolium.

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In 1998-2000, in the area of Olsztyn Lake District, 33 plant communities on semi-natural grasslands with a high percentage of Achillea millefolium L. were analyzed. The analyzed objects were located on very light, light, medium and heavy mineral soils. The species composition was evaluated with Braun-Blanquet method. Soil samples were collected for chemicals analyses. In dry matter of Achillea millefolium L. the content of crude protein, crude fibre, crude ash and macroelements was determined. Meadow-pasture communities with high percentage of Achillea millefolium L. in sward are floristically very valuable, particularly those located on light and medium soils. Irrespective of soil type, Achillea millefolium L. was accompanied by Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca, Heracleum sibiricum and Taraxacum officinale. The heavy soils had a higher content of  P, K, Mg, Ca and Na, whereas very light soils contained more humus. Achillea millefolium L. contained 110-121 g kg^-1 crude protein, 249-309 g kg^-1 crude fibre and 97-123 g kg^-1crude ash, much P, K and Ca irrespective of soil type and much Mg (3.1 g kg^-1) on very light soils.

Ewa Brucka-Jastrzębska, Dorota Kawczuga, Monika Rajkowska, Mikołaj Protasowicki

LEVELS OF MICROELEMENTS (Cu, Zn, Fe) AND MACROELEMENTS (Mg, Ca) IN FRESHWATER FISH

Key words: freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L., Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, Acipenser baeri Brandt, macroelements, microelements.

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The paper evaluates the effect of culture conditions and culture site on levels of certain microelements (Zn, Cu, Fe) and macroelements (Mg, Ca) in three species of freshwater fish: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt). The study involved 90 individuals of freshwater fish aged from 6 to 12 months. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, gills, skin and muscles were collected from each fish and subjected to chemical assay of Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in a JY-24 Jobin Yvon apparatus. The study revealed that culture site had statistically significant impact on levels of the examined elements among the three fish species. Mg content in kidney and skin was significantly higher in carp than in sturgeon. Similar regularities were observed for Ca content in skin and Zn content in kidney. Liver and kidney levels of Fe and Cu were significantly lower in carp than in rainbow trout. Of all the three examined fish species, rainbow trout had the highest skin levels of Ca and Mg, and the highest blood level of Fe. The results indicate that culture site and culture conditions exerted significant influence on levels of macro- and microelements in freshwater fish.

Anna Iżewska

THE IMPACT OF MANURE, MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE AND COMPOST PREPARED FROM MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE ON CROP YIELD AND CONTENT OF Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd IN SPRING RAPE AND SPRING TRITICALE

Key words: manure, sewage sludge, compost prepared from sewage sludge, spring rape, spring triticale, bioaccumulation indexes.

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The aim of the research was to estimate the impact of manure, municipal sewage sludge and compost prepared from municipal sewage sludge on crop yield and content of microelements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni) as well as Pb, and Cd in spring rape and spring triticale and also to specify the bioaccumulation indexes of microelements in test plants. A pot experiment was set up in the Vegetation Hall of the University of Agriculture in Szczecin 2006. Manure, raw sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge with the GWDA method were used. The pot experiment was set up with the split plot method in three repetitions. Objects of the first factor were types of fertilizers (manure, municipal sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge) and objects of the second factor were the doses of individual fertilizers introduced to soil in conversion to the amount of incorporated nitrogen (85 and 170 kg N ha^-1 i.e. 0.26 and 0.52 g N per pot). The results indicate that the best yields of spring rape seeds and spring triticale grains were obtained from the object fertilized with a double dose of sewage sludge. Fertilization with manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge increased the content of microelements as well as Pb and Cd in seeds and grains of the test plants. These contents did not exceed permissible values for industrial plants. The calculated bioaccumulation indexes of microelements indicate that spring rape and spring triticale were accumulating moderate amounts of manganese and zinc.

Anna Iżewska, Edward Krzywy, Czesław Wołoszyk

EVALUATION OF IMPACT OF FERTILIZATION WITH MANURE, MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE AND COMPOST PREPARED FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE ON CONTENT OF Mn, Zn, Cu, AND Pb, Cd IN LIGHT SOIL

Key words: manure, sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost , light soil.

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The aim of the research was to estimate the impact of fertilizing with manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge on the content of total and soluble forms of Mn, Zn, Cu as well as Pb and Cd in light soil. A pot experiment was set up with the split plot method in 2006. The first factor objects were types of fertilizers: manure, municipal sewage sludge, compost prepared from sewage sludge. The second factor consisted of doses of manure and organic fertilizers incorporated into the soil, expressed as amounts of nitrogen (0.26 and 0.52 g N per pot). In the second year mineral fertilizing was applied in a dose of 0.30 g N pot^-1 and 0.72 g K pot^-1. Soil used in the experiment was taken from Ap level and had grain size distribution of light loamy sand. The soil was acidic (pH in 1 mol KCl dm^-3 – 5.13) and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The content of microelements in soil before the experiment was below the permissible concentrations given in the Ordinance of the Minister of Environment of 9.09.2002 on quality standards of soils and ground (Journal of Law, 2002, no. 165 item 1359). As regards the contamination of soil with Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, the content of these heavy metals,  according to IUNG classification, was 0, which stands for natural content, although the content of Cd was raised up to Io. It has been found out that fertilizing with manure, sewage sludge and compost prepared from sewage sludge increased, in direct and successive effect, the content of total and soluble in 1 mol HCl dm^-3 forms of microelements. In the case of soil fertilized with organic fertilizers, first degree contamination with cadmium and nickel occurred (exceeding natural content in soil). The application of manure and sewage sludge, in turn, raised the content of lead. On the basis of the mean share of soluble forms in the total content in soil from objects fertilized with organic fertilizers, the microelements could be ranked as follows: Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > Mn > Zn in the first year of the research,  and  Cd > Pb > Cu > Mn > Zn > Ni in the second year.

Józef Koc, Marcin Duda

THE ROLE OF STORAGE RESERVOIRS IN REDUCING CALCIUM MIGRATION FROM AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS

Key words: storage reservoir, agricultural catchment, calcium.

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This study was conducted on a storage reservoir situated in a valley, in the lower course of the Sząbruk stream in north-eastern Poland, the Olsztyn Lakeland mesoregion. The catchment area of the Sząbruk stream consists of an agricultural and an afforested part. A storage reservoir is found in the lower part of the Sząbruk stream valley. The reservoir was built 25 years ago. It is enclosed by a dike and equipped with an outlet box. Outflows from the reservoir pass through the terminal segment of the Sząbruk stream to Lake Wulpińskie.The results of the experiment indicate that the calcium content of water evacuated from the catchment was determined by the type and intensity of catchment use, ranging from 22.3 mg Ca dm^-3 to 178 mg Ca dm^-3. The highest calcium concentrations, 113 mg Ca dm^-3 on average, were noted in the agricultural catchment connected to a drainage network; lower levels, 78.7 mg Ca dm^-3, were found in farming areas drained via ditches, while the lowest Ca content in water, 38.7 mg Ca dm^-3 on average, was determined in outflows from afforested catchments. Calcium concentrations were lower during the growing season in all studied catchment types. The calcium load discharged from the catchment dependnded on the catchment management. The highest calcium loss per area unit was observed in the drained agricultural catchment (76.6 kg Ca ha^-1 year^-1), followed by the catchment drained via ditches (56.3 Ca ha^-1 year^-1) and the afforested catchment (31.8 Ca ha^-1 year^-1). Despite the inflow of calcium-rich drainage water, calcium concentrations decreased by 11%, from 56.8 mg Ca dm^-3 to 50.3 mg Ca dm^-3, after the stream’s waters passed through the storage reservoir. An increase in Ca levels was noted in the girdling ditch. The flow of water through the ditch minimizes sedimentation, and higher quantities of Ca were supplied with drainage water. The reservoir accumulated 242.4 kg Ca per ha in the course of one year, mostly in the growing season (83%). The above indicates high involvement of biological processes. The reservoir fulfilled the role of a barrier inhibiting calcium loss from the catchment.

Jan Kucharski, Małgorzata Baćmaga, Jadwiga Wyszkowska

EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON THE COURSE OF AMMONIFICATION IN SOIL

Key words: soil pollution, herbicides, ammonification, amino acids.

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A laboratory experiment has been performed to determine the effect of soil pollution with the herbicides: Harpun 500 SC, Faworyt 300 SL, Akord 180 OF and Mocarz 75 WG on the course of ammonification. The soil material for the experiment consisted of loamy sand of pH 6.5. The experiment comprised five replications. Soil samples in particular objects were polluted with the herbicides at rates corresponding to the dose recommended by the manufacturer: 0 – control, 1 – a dose recommended by the producer, and the rates 50-, 100-, 150- and 200-fold higher than the recommended dose. Next, nitrogen was introduced to soil in the form of L-aspartic acid, DL-alanine, L-arginine and urea in the amounts of 0 and 300 mg N kg^-1 soil. Having been thoroughly mixed with the additional substances, the soil was brought to moisture equal 60% capillary water capacity and incubated for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours at 25ºC. The study has demonstrated that the course of ammonification depended on the type and rate of a herbicide added to soil, type of an organic compound undergoing ammonification and duration of the trial. L-arginine was ammonified most rapidly, while ammonification of L-aspartic acid lasted the longest. Among the tested herbicides, the strongest inhibitory effect on ammonification process was produced by Mocarz 75 WG, which continued to exert negative influence on mineralisation of organic substances for 36 hours. The other preparations did not have such a considerable effect on the quantities of ammonified nitrogen.

Teresa Majewska, Dariusz Mikulski, Tomasz Siwik

SILICA GRIT, CHARCOAL AND HARDWOOD ASH IN TURKEY NUTRITION

Key words: silica grit, charcoal, hardwood ash, performance, slaughter quality, turkeys.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether silica grit is a necessary dietary additive for turkeys raised in intensive production farms, and whether it can be replaced by other supplements such as charcoal or hardwood ash. The conclusions were formulated based on performance results, blood hematological and biochemical indices, the slaughter quality of turkeys, as well as on the chemical and physicochemical properties of turkey meat. The experimental material comprised 360 male Big 6 heavy-type turkeys randomly divided into 4 treatments and raised on litter until 20 weeks of age. Birds of all treatments were fed identical complete pelleted basal diets. The experimental factors were various feed supplements in each group. The control treatment was fed a diet without supplements. The diets for experimental groups were supplemented with silica grit (SG), charcoal (CH) or hardwood ash (HA) in the amount of 0.3% of the administered feed mix. Dietary supplements were administered from the first day of life until the end of the rearing period. No significant changes in blood hematological and biochemical indices of turkeys were observed. Silica grit (SG) had an adverse effect on the performance results of turkeys, while the addition of both CH and HA had a highly beneficial impact. The best results were reported in respect of charcoal. The treatment fed a diet supplemented with CH was characterized by the lowest mortality rate of 4.4%, i.e. half that observed in the control group, body weight higher by 3.9% and rearing efficiency index higher by 9.7%.

Roman Niedziółka, Krystyna Pieniak-Lendzion, Elżbieta Horoszewicz

A STUDY ON BIOACCUMULATION OF SELECTED METALS IN MEAT AND INTERNAL ORGANS OF INTENSTIVELY FED KID GOATS

Key words: goat kids, meat, liver, kidneys, bioaccumulation, elements.

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Owing to its wholesomeness and good taste, meat of goats and lambs is an increasingly more important in human nutrition. It is characterized by excellent nutritive value and high digestibility. It is also relatively rich in mineral compounds. The aim of this study has been to determine the content of some elements in muscles, liver and kidneys of male and felame kid goats, fattened to 150 day of life. The animals received full-ration mixture containing 169 g total protein and 6.0 MJ net energy. The mixture was given ad libitum and supplemented with meadow hay as bulk feed. During the whole period of fattening, the animals were kept under the conventional housing system. Samples for analysis were taken from adductor femoris muscles, liver and kidneys. The muscle tissue of the analysed male goats contained less Cd (0.002 mg kg^-1 ± 0.004) than that of the female goats (0.003 mg kg^-1 ± 0.001). In turn, the level Pb was lower in the female goats (0.019 mg kg^-1 versus 0.026 mg kg^-1 in male goats), although the difference was statistically non-significant.  In the internal organs, more Cd occurred in kidneys than in the liver, unlike Pb. The concentration Pb was higher in kidneys of the male than female goats (0.073 mg kg^-1 ± 0.02), whereas the level of this element the liver was identical in both groups (0.084 mg kg^-1). In the muscule tissue, the sex differentiated the content of Fe (p = 0.01) as well as Mg and Zn (p = 0.05). The liver accumulated not only Pb and Cd, but also Cu and Zn. The concentration Cu in the liver of female goats was higher (146.79 mg kg^-1 at p = 0.01) than in male goats by about 50 mg kg^-1. High disproportions between the sexes in the content of Fe in the liver were observed: 36.30 mg kg^-1 for female goats and 21.99 mg kg-1 for male goats (p = 0,01). In kidneys, however, the concentration of Ca was very high, particularly for female goats particularly (81.01 ± 26.55 mg kg^-1). 

Ireneusz Ochmian, Józef Grajkowski, Grzegorz Mikiciuk, Krystyna Ostrowska, Piotr Chełpiński

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF HIGH BLUEBERRY LEAVES AND FRUITS DEPENDING ON SUBSTRATE TYPE USED FOR CULTIVATION

Key words: highbush blueberry, macro-, microelements, substrates, leaves, fruit.

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In 2004-2006, an experiment was established at the Experimental Station Rajkowo belonging to the Agricultural University (West Pomeranian University of Technology) in Szczecin. High blueberry bushes were planted in an alkaline reaction (pH 7.1) heavy soil using three different substrates. The bushes were planted in trenches filled with peat, cocoa husk and sawdust. The fertilization of the plants was limited to a sole nitrogen supply (30 kg N ha^-1), because chemical analyses of both the soil and the substrates showed high and/or moderate content of other nutrients. In order to decrease cocoa husk reaction and to maintain the reaction of peat and sawdust, the bushes were irrigated with H₂SO₄ acidified water up to pH 2.5-3.5. The bed prepared of cocoa husk was characterized by the highest N (23.8 mg 100 g^-1), Zn content (51.6 mg kg^-1), and pH (5.0). On the other hand, sawdust substrate had the lowest salinity (0.35 g NaCl kg^-1). Sawdust substrate showed the highest level of Mn (56.5 mg kg^-1) and Cu (7.4 mg kg^-1) and the lowest of Ca (83 mg 100 g^-1), whereas, peat substrate showed the highest salinity (0.87 g NaCl kg^-1) and the lowest pH (3.8). The usage of cocoa husk substrate resulted in the highest content of N (23.6), K (6.9 g kg^-1) and Mn (104.5 mg kg^-1) in cv. Sierra blueberry leaves as well as N (16.0) and K (6.5 g kg^-1) in berries. The plants grown in sawdust substrate showed the highest level of Ca (1.75 g kg^-1), Cu (3.2) and Zn (12.4 mg kg^-1), in the leaves as well as S (1.7) and Cu (3.5 mg kg^-1) in berries.

Krzysztof Pakuła, Dorota Kalembasa

DISTRIBIUTION OF NICKEL FRACTIONS IN FOREST LUVISOLS IN THE SOUTH PODLASIE LOWLAND

Keywords: sequential extraction, nickel fractions, Luvisols, forest.

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Sequential extraction methods enable identification of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soil environment as well as evaluation of their availability and potential toxicity to biotic elements of a trophic chain. The study aimed at separating nickel fractions from particular genetic horizons of forest Luvisols by means of three sequential extraction methods (modified Tessier’s, Zeien and Brümmer’s as well as Hedley’s with Tiessen and Moir’s modifications methods), and to compare the metal content in four fractions: easily soluble, exchangeable, organic, and residual, along with their distribution within studied soils’ profiles. Nickel concentrations in the examined fractions varied: the largest amounts of the heavy metal (regardless of the analytical procedure applied) were found in residual fraction Fresid (mineral horizons) and organic fraction Forg (forest litter horizons – Ol), while the smallest ones occurred in easily soluble fraction F1 (all genetic horizons). Statistical processing revealed significant dependences between the four nickel fractions as well as between the fractions and selected properties of analyzed soils (except soil pH and total nickel content Nit).

Mirosław Pięta, Krzysztof Patkowski

THE CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN TWO LAMB GENOTYPES DEPENDENT ON THE SYSTEM OF MAINTENANCE

Key words: sheep, maintenance system, lambs, genotype, macroelements, microelements.

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The aim of the study was to determine the content of macro- and microelements in the blood serum and in the longissimus dorsi muscle (Musculus longissimus dorsi – Mld) of lambs, dependent on the system of maintenance of the lambs with their mothers, the genotype and the year of research. Lambs were reared together with their mothers in two maintenance systems: indoor system in a sheep fold and outdoor system in the open air with unlimited access to pasture. The lambs were of two genotypes: PLS (Polish Lowland sheep Uhruska variety) and BCP (the synthetic prolific meat line sheep). The concentration of elements in the blood serum was estimated in the second and third month of life, as well as in the Mld, after slaughter of the lambs at a weight of 25-28 kg. The results of the study show that the mineral compositions of blood change with the lamb’s age and related method of feeding. The system of maintenance had a modifying effect on the calcium, copper and zinc content in the blood serum, especially in the third month of the lambs’ life. It was noted that the copper content in the longissimus dorsi muscle in the lambs kept with their mothers in the outdoor system was higher compared to the lambs kept indoors. A similar tendency was observed in the content of mineral elements in the blood serum and in the longissimus dorsi muscle, dependent on the genotype and maintenance system. The concentration of elements (except sodium) in the blood serum in the lambs comprised within the reference values set for adult sheep.

Janusz F. Pomianowski, Teresa Majewska, Jerzy Borowski, Wacław Mozolewski

EFFECT OF VARIOUS DOSES OF OAT ADDED TO A FEED MIXTURE ON THE CONTENTS OF SELECTED MINERALS IN TURKEY MEAT

Key words: turkey meat, mineral components, feed mixtures.

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Owing to its high protein and low fat content, turkey meat is regarded as dietetic. It also has a beneficial composition in terms of amino acid and mineral content. The study involved an analysis of selected elements: zinc, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus in breast muscles of male turkeys BIG 6 fed on fodder with various content of oatmeal (0%; 5% and 10%). The content of selected elements was determined in previously mineralised samples: zinc, magnesium and calcium – by AAS, using a UNICAM 939AAA Solar flame atomic absorption spectrometer; sodium and potassium – by flame photometry with a Carl Zeiss Jena FLAPHO 4 flame photometer, and phosphorus – by colorimetric measurement with the hydroquinone reagent at a wavelength of 610 nm. The results were processed with a single-factor analysis of variance with the Statistica 8pl computer program, and the significance of differences was determined with Duncan’s test. Oatmeal application in the analysed doses in turkey feeding has been shown to reduce the content of the elements under study in turkey meat. The differences for the analysed elements have not been shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.05), except for sodium, whose content – unlike that of other elements – grew with the oatmeal content in the fodder

Małgorzata Stanosz, Stanisław Stanosz, Andrzej Puchalski

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORIDE, MODIFIED TRANSDERMAL REPLACEMENT HORMONE THERAPY AND SUPPLEMENT HORMONE THERAPY ON UNMANAGEABLE OSTEOPOROSIS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Key words: osteoporosis, fluoride, osteocalcin, modified hormone replacement therapy, hormone supplement therapy.

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The study was conducted on 40 women in the early postmenopausal period, aged 52.3±3.1 years with primary osteoporosis unmanageable in treatment, divided into 2 groups based on a randomized list. Group I (n-20) was administered orally fluoride 0.25 mg kg-1 24 h^-1 with modified transdermal hormone therapy/HRT, and group II (n-20) was administered orally fluoride and supplement hormonal therapy (HST) in 21 therapeutic cycle. The serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), procollagen (PICP), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), prolactin basic (PRL) and prolactin after metoclopramide (PRL/ MCP) 4 times by using radioimmunoassy methods, before treatment and after 1, 3, 12 months of treatment. Bone mineral density (BMD) L2 – L4 was determined before treatment and at 12 month with a dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry scanner (Lunar DPX-1Q). In group I women receiving fluoride and transdermal HRT IGF-1 increased significantly while the concentrations of OC and PICP significantly decreased after 3 and 12 months of treatment but no statistically significant changes in the PRL concentration occurred. In group II women receiving orally fluoride and HST, a significant decrease in the concentration of IGF-1, OC after 3 and 12 months and a significant increase in the concentration of PRL and PRL/MCP after 1, 3 and 12 months of treatment compared with the baseline values appeared. The concentration of type I procolagen (PICP) showed no statistically significant changes. Increase in bone mineral density was statistically significant L1, L2 (p < 0.05), L3, L4 (p < 0.01) compared with the baseline in the group receiving transdermal HRT. In women receiving fluoride and orally HST increase in the bone mineral density for L1 and L2 was non-insignificant, whereas for L3 and L4 it was significantly higher compared with the baseline (p < 0.05).

Adam Szewczuk, Andrzej Komosa, Ewelina Gudarowska

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM SOIL LEVELS AND FORMS OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS ON MICRO-ELEMETAL NUTRION STATUS OF APPLE TREES IN EARLY FRUITION PERIOD

Key words: apple trees, potassium fertilizers, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, microelements.

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The experiment was established in the spring of 1999 on grey brown podsolic soil formed from boulder clay. Apple trees of cv. Golden Delicious were planted on rootstock at 3.5 1.2 m (2381 trees ha^-1). The first factor in the experiment consisted of the levels of potassium in the arable soil layer: 120, 160 and 200 mg K kg^-1 of soil d.m., on the basis of annual chemical analyses and determined by universal method. The second factor comprised three forms of potassium fertilizers: potassium chloride (KCl-60%), potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃). Each year the analyses of macro- and microelements in the soil and leaves were made. The increase in available potassium levels from 120 to 200 mg K kg^-1 of soil d.m did not have influence on the content of available forms of iron, manganese, zinc, copper and boron in the herbicide fallow strips in the tree rows or in the arable (0-20 cm) and subarable (20-40 cm) soil layers. Application of potassium sulphate fertilizer caused a significant increase in the content of zinc in herbicide strips in both soil layers compared with potassium chloride and potassium nitrate. Different potassium fertilizer forms did not cause any significant changes in amounts of available forms of iron, manganese, copper and boron. The increase in available potassium levels from 120 to 200 mg K kg^-1 of soil d.m significantly reduced the content of manganese in leaves of trees. However, no significant influence on the content of iron, zinc, copper and boron in leaves of apple trees was found.

Monika Szewczyk, Kazimierz Pasternak, Andrzej Andrzejwski, Andrzej Dąbrowski, Grzegorz Wallner

MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA AND TISSUES OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY FOR STOMACH AND LARGE INTESTINE CANCER

Key words: magnesium, stomach cancer, large intestine cancer, hypomagnesemia, surgery.

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Digestive system neoplasms pose a serious health problem both in Poland and abroad. Neoplasms are frequently considered to be caused by impaired homeostasis in the human body. Development of neoplasms may be linked to disturbances in concentration of elements, including magnesium as a major intracellular cation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of magnesium in plasma and tissue samples taken from patients suffering from neoplasms of the stomach or the large intestine. The study involved 35 patients, including 20 affected by stomach cancer and 15 suffering from large intestine cancer. The patients were in the age rage of 36-77. The material included blood samples taken from patients before and seven days after surgery, as well as samples of cancerous and healthy tissues. The colorimetric method with a Genesis spectrophotometer was used for determination of magnesium concentration. A statistically significant difference was observed between plasma magnesium concentration in patients affected by stomach cancer and the normal range. Elevated values of magnesium concentration measured on the seventh day after the procedure as compared to the concentration before the procedure was noted, however, the difference was statistically insignificant. No significant differences were observed in magnesium concentration measured before and after the procedure, or in comparison to the normal range in patients with large intestine cancer. Determination of tissue magnesium showed that magnesium concentration was higher in cancerous than in healthy tissue. Obtained results demonstrate that magnesium homeostasis is impaired in patients, which may be important in the pathoghenesis of digestive system neoplasms.

Anna Winiarska-Mieczan

ASSESSMENT OF INFANT EXPOSURE TO LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT IN INFANT FORMULAS

Keywods: child, infant formula, cadmium, lead.

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Infants and little children are the highest risk group as far as the exposition to toxic metals is concerned. Newly born babies do not have effectively functioning regulatory mechanisms and the absorption of mineral elements, including toxic ones, is higher than in older children and adults. Separate, more rigorous requirements have been determined for food products for infant nutrition. Special attention is required in the case of toxic metals, including lead and cadmium, which are regarded as particularly harmful to the organism. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of lead and cadmium in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. Moreover, on the basis of surveys, the popularity of using milk replacement formulas was determined, as well as factors affecting this situation. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They had been purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Pb and Cd were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that only two preparations did not comply with the recommendations regarding the content of cadmium, while in the other samples the maximum value was not exceeded. It was also noted that the analysed preparations were not safe for babies as far as the content of lead was concerned. At the same time, it was observed that as many as 87% babies were breast-fed, which is a positive phenomenon, whereas 40% women used combined nutrition for their children (breast feeding alternately with powdered milk). The choice of a particular preparation resulted in the first place from the doctor’s recommendations, and next from babies’ preferences and friends’ opinions.

Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Marta Tupaj

EVALUATION OF THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF INFANT FORMULAS

Key words: child, infant formula, mineral components.

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The composition of modified milk for babies is based on the model of breast milk. Milk replacement formulas are produced on the basis of cow’s milk so it is necessary to modify all the nutrients in order to make them resemble most closely the model. Determination of babies’ nutritional requirements is based on the knowledge of women’s breast milk, which is regarded the best possible food in the first period of infant life. The concentration of mineral elements in breast milk is low and the total content of ash amounts to 0.2 g dl^-1. The content of sodium, potassium and chlorine is three times as low as in cow’s milk. The source of individual elements for babies is their food, though some elements are provided in drinking water and supplements. Typically, mineral elements are absorbed more effectively in the periods of intensive growth. It should be remembered that the mineral elements found in breast milk are characterised by much higher bioavailability than those present in modified milk. The major requirement for modified milk to be registered and authorised for sale in Poland is the conformity of its mineral composition with international recommendations. The objective of the present work was to establish the content of mineral components in powdered milk used in the nutrition of infants in the first months of their lives. All the examined preparations were labelled as “a special nutrition product”. They were purchased in different groceries in Lublin in October 2007, all before their use-by date. The shares of Mg, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mn, Na, Fe and K were marked in the samples. It was demonstrated that all the examined milk samples contained much more Ca and Cu in comparison to recommended norms, whereas they were deficient in Mg and Mn.

Czesław Wołoszyk, Anna Iżewska, Ewa Krzywy-Gawrońska

CONTENT, UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION BY PLANTS OF COPPER, MANGANESE AND ZINC FROM MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE AND WHEAT STRAW

Key words: sewage sludge, wheat straw, test plants, copper, manganese, zinc.

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In a two-factor pot experiment, which was conducted 2004-2005, the direct and successive impact was estimated of mixed application of different doses of municipal sewage sludge (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% d.m. of sewage sludge relative to 6 kg d.m. soil in pot) and a constant dose of wheat straw (30 g d.m. per pot), with and without supplemental mineral fertilization with nitrogen and NPK, on the content, uptake and utilization of copper, manganese and zinc by test plants. The soil used in the experiment was brown acid incomplete soil (good rye complex) and the test plant in the first year of research was grass – Festulolium, which was harvested four times, and in the second year – common sunflower and blue phacelia. In mean object samples of Festulolium, common sunflower and phacelia, content of copper, manganese and zinc was marked with the ASA method after mineralization in a mixture of nitric(V) and perchloric acid(VII). Rising doses of municipal sewage sludge with addition of a fixed dose of wheat straw, both in direct and successive effect, increased the content of copper, manganese and zinc in test plants. The increase in the weighted mean (from four swaths) content of copper in Festulolium, in comparison with the control object, varied from 8.04 to 59.8%, manganese from 21.8 to 68.8% and zinc from 19.4 to 59.1%. In the second year, the mean increase in the content of copper in common sunflower from objects fertilized with sewage sludge and straw varied from 8.7 to 30.3% and in phacelia from 6.1 to 12.6%. By analogy, the mean content of manganese rose from 23.3 to 59.5% and from 5.9 to 33.1% and the content of zinc from 33.2 to 50.3% and from 15.9 to 37.9%. Mineral fertilization with N and NPK, in comparison with the object without that fertilization, in both years of the experiment, increased the mean content of all microelements in test plants, with the increase being larger after  NPK than N fertilization. The uptake of microelements by plants from sewage sludge and straw, in most cases, was increasing along with the increase of the doses of sewage sludge. In the total uptake of individual microelements, about 2/3 were atken up by Festulolium and the remaining 1/3 by phacelia. Utilization of individual microelements from sewage sludge and straw was considerably diverse. IIn the two years, test plants utilized manganese mostly (on average 58.2%), less zinc (on average 5.54%) and to the smallest degree copper (on average 3.03%).

Jadwiga Wyszkowska, Mirosław Kucharski, Jan Kucharski, Agata Borowik

ACTIVITY OF DEHYDROGENASES, CATALASE AND UREASE IN COPPER POLLUTED SOIL

Key words: copper, enzymatic activity, tolerance index, vulnerability index, soil contamination with copper.

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Copper is a life essential element. However, in excess it can be destructive to metabolism of microbial, plant, animal and human cells. Thus, an understanding of all conditions associated with the effect produced by copper on natural environment is vital. The purpose of the present study has been to evaluate the effect of soil contamination with copper on the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase and urease as well as to determine the tolerance of these enzymes to excessive amounts of copper in soil. The variable factors of the experiment consisted of:

1)      soil type: loamy sand and sandy loam;

2)      copper pollution rate in mg kg^-1 d.m. of soil: 0, 150, 450;

3)      soil use: unseeded and seeded soil;

4)      crop species: barley, spring oilseed rape and yellow lupine;

5)      dates of enzymatic analyses: 25 and 50 day.

The results have revealed that copper pollution, within the rates of 150 to 450 mg kg^-1 d.m. of soil, significantly inhibits the activity of dehydrogeanses, urease and catalase, with catalase being the most tolerant to excessive copper, unlike dehydrogeneases, which were the most sensitive enzymes. Urease was found to be intermediate in the response to copper. Dehydrogenases, urease and catalase are the least tolerant to the inhibitory effect of copper in soil under spring oilseed rape, being the most tolerant to the pollution in soil under oats. Copper produces stronger inhibitory effect on soil enzymes in unseeded than in seeded soil. The negative effect of excess copper in soil persists and, instead of diminishing, the longer copper remains in soil, the stronger effect it yields. Dehydrognases and catalase are less tolerant to copper in sandy loam than in loamy sand, unlike urease, which was more tolerant to the pollutant in loamy sand than in sandy loam. Tolerance of plants to soil contamination with copper is a species-specific trait. Among the tested crops, yellow lupine was the least tolerant whereas spring oilseed rape was the most tolerant to copper contamination.

Elżbieta Sacała

ROLE OF SILICON IN PLANT RESISTANCE TO WATER STRESS

Key words: silicic acid, Si uptake, water stress, drought, salinity, resistance.

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Agricultural productivity is strongly affected by different abiotic stresses, among which water stress is the major environmental constraint limiting plants growth. The primary reason for water stress is drought or high salt concentration in soil (salinity). Because both of these stress factors lead to numerous physiological and biochemical changes in plants and result in serious loss in yields, there is a pressing need for finding the effective ways for increasing crops’ resistance to stress factors. One of the alternative methods involving alleviation of negative stress effects might be application of silicon as a fertiliser (root or foliar supply). Many plants, particularly monocotyledonous species, contain large amounts of Si (up to 10% of dry mass). In spite of the high Si accumulation in plants (its amount may equal concentration of macronutrients), until now it has not been considered as an essential element for higher plants. Many reports have shown that silicon may play a very important role in increasing plant resistance to noxious environmental factors. Hence, Si is recognised as a beneficial element for plants growing under biotic and abiotic stresses. The main form of Si which is available and easily taken up by plants is monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄). Plants take up Si from soil solution both passively and actively. Some dicotyledonous plants such as legumes tend to exclude Si from tissues – rejective uptake. These plants are unable to accumulate Si and they do not benefit from silicon. Under water stress conditions, silicon might enhance plants’ resistance to stress and ameliorate growth of plants. These beneficial effects may result from better and more efficient osomoregulation, improved plant water status, reduction in water loss by transpiration, maintenance of adequate supply of essential nutrients, restriction in toxic ions uptake and efficient functioning of antioxidative mechanisms. Based on the current knowledge and presented data, it can be concluded that the role of Si in plants is not restricted to formation of physical or mechanical barrier (as precipitated amorphous silica) in cell walls, lumens and intercellular voids. Silicon can also modulate plants’ metabolism and alter physiological activities, particularly in plants subjected to stress conditions. However, in some plants, increased silicon supply does not improve plant growth. Hence, a better understanding of the interactions between silicon application and plant responses will contribute to more efficient fertiliser practices, especially under stress conditions.

VOLUME 14 - NUMBER 2 - JUNE 2009

Wiesław Bednarek, Hanna Bednarek, Sławomir Dresler

Content of various forms of nitrogen and absorption of this element by cocksfoot grass, depending on meteorological conditions

Key words: nitrogen forms, N uptake, cocksfoot grass, meteorological conditions.

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The dependence of the content of various forms of nitrogen and absorption of N by cocksfoot grass on meteorological conditions was established in a field experiment. Correlations between the content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, N-NH₄, and N-NO₃ in sward and roots of cocksfoot grass and some meteorological elements, i.e. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average daily temperature measured at 5 and 200 cm, air relative humidity, cloud cover, sum of precipitation, sum of evaporation and soil temperature measured at a depth of 2, 5, 10, 20 cm were analyzed. Correlation coefficients between the forms of nitrogen in the plant and the above meteorological elements were calculated, as well as multiple regression equations, multiple correlation coefficients and determination coefficients. No significant relationship between the forms of N (Ntotal, Nprotein, N-NH₄, N-NO₃) in sward and roots of cocksfoot grass and the course of meteorological conditions was clearly stated. The relationship between the content of N-NH₄ in sward and Ntotal and N-NO₃ in roots, and certain meteorological elements is relatively small and can be characterized by the value of determination coefficients, i.e. 0.166, 0.106 and 0.151, respectively. According to the statistical analysis, the absorption of nitrogen by cocksfoot grass depends to a relatively small though significant extent (R²=0.249) on certain meteorological elements. However, further research is still recommended.

Magdalena Budzyń, Maria Iskra, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Maria Małecka, Bogna Gryszczyńska

THE INFLUENCE OF BLACK CURRANT (RIBES NIGRUM) SEED EXTRACT ON EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN CERULOPLASMIN IN Fe(II) IONS ELIMINATION

Key words: black currant (Ribes nigrum) seed extract, polyphenols, ceruloplasmin, ferroxidase activity,
                    ferrous ions.

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Ions of irons, especially ferrous ions may be harmful for living organisms, because they generate reactive oxygen species like O₂•- or •OH. Probability of the risk rises especially in pathological conditions, in which high level of iron is observed. For this reason scientists try to establish new methods that can support organism in eliminating reactive ferrous ions. Nowadays, attention focuses on substances present in plants, especially polyphenols, whose administration prevents oxidative damages in iron overloading. This new approach requires some research on behavior of plant-derived compounds in human organism, within a system containing other biomolecules involved in iron metabolism. The aim of this study has been to investigate the influence of black currant (Ribes nigrum) seed extract, a source of polyphenols, on the activity of ceruloplasmin, an enzyme participating in Fe(II) elimination from blood plasma in human organism. Depletion of Fe(II) caused by ceruloplasmin isolated from healthy blood donors was compared to its decrease in a system containing both ceruloplasmin and the extract. The results have shown that addition of a particular amount of the extract elevates the effectiveness of ceruloplasmin in eliminating Fe(II) from the sample but only under physiological condition (pH 7.4; T 37°C). In a weak acidic solution, addition of the extract does not lead to any change in Fe(II) concentration.

Maria Długaszek, Mirosława Szopa, Monika Mularczyk-Oliwa

INVESTIGATIONS OF NI CONTENT IN HUMAN HAIR

Key words: nickel, bioelements, toxic metals, hair, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).

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Effect of nickel (Ni) on human organism is still evaluated, although there are few research papers dedicated to this problem. The participation of Ni in carcinogenesis and allergic reactions is considered. Nickel is absorbed through the alimentary tract, lungs and skin. Concentration of Ni in blood and urine is low (about 1 µg L^-1). More nickel has been determined in tissues such as liver, lungs and osseous tissue. The aim of this work was to assess the Ni level in human hair (n = 220, 110 women and 110 men) and correlations between Ni and other elements i.e. calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). Hair washed with acetone and redistilled water was mineralized in mixture of HNO₃ and HClO₄ acids. Content of the elements was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method AAS. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe were measured by the flame technique (FAAS), while concentration of Pb, Cd and Ni was analyzed by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace (GFAAS). The data were the subject of statistical analysis. The mean Ni concentration in the hair samples was 0.24 µg g^-1 (median 0.17 µg g^-1, range 0.01-1.77 µg g^-1). Slightly more Ni was found in hair of women (0.25 µg g^-1) than of men (0.22 µg g^-1). Statistically higher concentrations of Ni were noticed in hair of men > 20 years than in younger men (p<0.05). Statistically significant positive correlations (for Zn, negative correlation) were established between Ni and Cd, Pb, and Cu concentration. Hair is available easily and non-invasively for tests and owing to a higher Ni level in hair than in physiological fluids, such tests help reduce analytical error. Therefore, hair is a very suitable material for monitoring elements in the human body.

Janina Gospodarek

MAGNESIUM FERTILIZATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS AND FORAGING OF SELECTED GNAWING PESTS

Key words: heavy metals, magnesium, Sitona sp. Bruchus rufimanus Boh.

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Magnesium fertilization of soil has been recommended as one of the ways to limit unfavourable effect of heavy metals on plants. Its effect may be connected with diminished heavy metal uptake by plants and changes in macroelement content. Therefore, the same measure may also change the host plant usability for potential herbivorous insects. The paper contains compiled results of research on the effect of magnesium fertilization under conditions of soil contaminated with single heavy metals to level III of soil pollution according to the IUNG classification, on the foraging of Bruchus rufimanus Boh. and Sitona (Sitona sp.) on broad bean (Vicia faba L. ssp. maior). It has been found that the applied fertilization level of soil contaminated with heavy metals does not affect significantly the yield of broad bean seeds, the degree of their damage due to Bruchus rufimanus or their germinating ability. Magnesium fertilization may slightly increase germinating energy of broad bean seeds from plants growing on cadmium contaminated soil. The effect of magnesium treatment under conditions of soil contamination with heavy metals on harmfulness of Sitona beetles to broad bean may be modified by atmospheric conditions in individual seasons. Magnesium fertilization of soil polluted with copper, lead, nickel and zinc to level III of soil pollution according to the IUNG classification does not lead to an increase in the degree of broad bean leaf damage by Sitona beetles. On the other hand, magnesium fertilization of soil contaminated with cadmium to level III of soil pollution in the IUNG classification may enhance broad bean plants’ attractiveness to Sitona.

Marek Gugała, Krystyna Zarzecka

EFFECT OF CULTIVATION FACTORS ON MAGNESSIUM CONTENT IN AND REMOVAL BY THE POTATO TUBER CROP

Key words: potato tubers, magnesium, content, uptake.

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Studies were carried out on samples obtained from a field experiment conducted on light loamy soil in 2002-2004. The experiment was set up as randomized sub-blocks with three replications. Two methods of soil tillage, conventional and simplified, were compared as well as seven weed control methods including application of herbicides or their mixtures: Plateen 41,5 WG, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Plateen 41,5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC, Barox 460 SL, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC and control object (mechanical weeding). Magnesium content and its removal by potato tuber crop significantly depended on soil tillage methods, weed control methods and weather conditions over the growing season. More magnesium was contained in tubers harvested from the plots where reduced tillage had been applied (1.771 g kg^-1 on average), compared with 1.762 g kg^-1 under the conventional method. Herbicides and their mixtures applied to control weeds in the potato field significantly increased magnesium content in tubers and its removal by tuber yield by an average 2.7% and 11.0%, respectively, compared with the control where weeds were controlled by means of mechanical cultivation.

Magdalena Jaworska, Janina Gospodarek

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM ON BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS

Keywords: magnesium, epigeal fauna, enthomopathogenic fungi, enthomopathogenic nematodes.

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The paper presents the results of research on magnesium effect on beneficial enthomopathogenic fungi and nematodes as well as some predatory arthropods. Magnesium fertilization of soil contaminated with heavy metals does not significantly affect numbers of the majority of epigeal invertebrates, but it may influence numbers of single species, favouring the occurrence of some (Bembidion sp.) while restricting the presence of others (Harpalus rufipes De Geer). Magnesium synergism with heavy metal ions has been found to increase infectiveness and pathogenicity of enthomopathogenic fungi. Magnesium, in a dose of 160 mg×dm^-3  present in the medium, significantly enhances pathogenicity of fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus or Metarhizium ansopliae. Increased pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora towards test insects has also been observed when magnesium ions were added to a solution in which these nematodes were kept. An effective magnesium dose differed depending whether the nematodes were used separately for test insects (450 mg×dm^-3) or jointly with enthomopathogenic fungi (320 mg×dm^-3). This protective effect of magnesium ions on beneficial microorganisms has also been observed in soil contaminated with heavy metals. An addition of magnesium to a solution in which enthomopathogenic nematodes were kept (160 mg×dm^-3) and to a medium on which fungi were cultured (320 mg×dm^-3) increased pathogenic abilities of these organisms in contaminated soil to a very high degree (10- to 300- fold higher than the natural heavy metal content in soil).

Jacek Kiepul, Krzysztof Gediga

THE EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE ACIDIFICATION OF LESSIVE SOIL ON ZINC CONTENT AND ITS TRANSLOCATION IN SOIL PROFILE

Key words: Zn, soil reaction, plants, lysimeters.

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In Poland 11% of soils feature elevated zinc content or slight zinc contamination. This investigation aimed at estimation of the effect of progressive acidification of slightly zinc-contaminated soils on zinc content in plants and translocation of this metal downwards the soil profile. The study involved a two-year lysimetric experiment on lessive soil. The amount of zinc indicating slight soil contamination was introduced into 0.2 m of topsoil, which was subjected to progressive acidification with sulfuric acid solution in the course of the experiment. Zinc content proved to considerably increase in plants (barley straw and maize) only under strong acidification. Soil reaction did not significantly influence the zinc content in soil, both total and assayed in HCl zinc forms, while a considerable increase in easily soluble zinc forms (in CaCl₂ solution) occurred on strongly acidified soils.Considering the whole research period, increasing soil acidification did not result in any alterations involving zinc content in  Bbr and C horizons  of  soil  profiles  (below 30 cm).

Hanna Klikocka

INFLUENCE OF NPK FERTILIZATION ENRICHED WITH S, Mg, AND MICRONUTRIENTS CONTAINED IN LIQUID FERTILIZER INSOL 7 ON POTATO TUBERS YIELD (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) AND INFESTATION OF TUBERS WITH STREPTOMYCES SCABIES AND RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI

Key words: potato tuber, mineral fertilization treatments, Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani.

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Elemental sulphur and Kieserite fertilization have been demonstrated to improve potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) yield quality and resistance against Streptomyces scabies; the bacterial effect was attributed to reduced soil pH. So far, no information has been available about the influence of S, Mg and supply of micronutrients on bacterial and fungal diseases of potato plants. Field trials performed in a split-plot design with varied fertilization treatments (NPK with/without S and Mg and microelements B, Zn, Mn, Cu fertilization) including three potato cultivars were conducted in the south eastern region (near Zamość) of Poland in 2004-2006. The application of S and Mg and micronutrients decreased the tuber infection rate and severity of Streptomyces scabies and Rhizoctonia solani, while increasing potato tuber yield. Generally, tuber yield and wholesomeness were mostly related to a genotype (cultivar), mineral fertilization treatments and their interaction with a cultivar.

Ireneusz M. Kowalski,  Miguel A. T. Torres,   Wojciech Kiebzak, Roman Paśniczek, Józef Szarek

THE EFFECT OF LATERAL ELECTRICAL SURFACE STIMULATION (LESS) ON SPINAL DEFORMITY IN IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

Key words: electrostimulation, LESS, rehabilitation, idiopathic scoliosis.

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Clinical studies were carried out in the period of 2003-2008 at the Provincial Children’s Rehabilitation Hospital in Ameryka near Olsztyn (Poland). The study involved a group of children and youths exhibiting spinal deformity progression in idiopathic scoliosis (IS) of more than 5o per year according to the Cobb scale. Four hundred and fifty patients between 4 and 15 years of age were divided into three groups (n = 150). Group I received 2-hour and group II 9-hour treatment of Lateral Electrical Surface Stimulation (LESS), respectively, whereas group III (control) was treated only with corrective exercises for 30 minutes twice a day. LESS was performed as 24-month treatment with the use of a battery-operated SCOL-2 stimulator manufactured by Elmech, Warsaw, Poland. The effectiveness of this method was confirmed in the treatment of spinal IS in children and adolescent patients, especially when the initial spinal deformity does not exceed 20o according to the Cobb scale. A short-duration electrostimulation – 2 hours daily – was found to produce results similar to those obtained after overnight, 9-hour electrostimulation. Moreover, the analysis of the Harrington prognostic index F confirms the positive effect of LESS in both groups of patients (2 h and 9 h of LESS).

Monika Kozłowska, Anna Jóźwiak, Barbara Szpakowska, Piotr Goliński

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CADMIUM AND LEAD UPTAKE BY PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS (CAV. TRIN EX STEUDEL) IN NATURAL WATER ECOSYSTEMS

Key words: cadmium, lead, antioxidant enzymes, water reservoirs, bottom sediments, common reed
                      Phragmites australis

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In natural environment plants are exposed to many different stress factors, including heavy metals, whose elevated concentration causes oxidative stress, connected with formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, plants have developed defence systems, including enzymatic antioxidant system, able to remove ROS. The work concerns the accumulation of two heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as the phenomenon of oxidative stress caused by increased concentration of these metals in common reed (Phragmites australis), a dominant species in the littoral zone of many water reservoirs. The plants were obtained from four water bodies situated in Poznan: Kierskie Lake, Rusałka Lake, Strzeszyńskie Lake and Sołacki Pond. The aim of the study was to examined the accumulation of heavy metals and the relation between activity of antioxidant enzymes in rhizome, stem and reed leaves during the vegetative period. Three antioxidant enzymes were analyzed: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The statistical analysis was done to determine the influence of the heavy metals on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, involved in limiting and removing results of oxidative stress. Heavy metals were accumulated in common reed in all the four water reservoirs, but the activity of enzymes was variable during the observation period. Statistical analyses suggest that there are some correlations among concentration of metals and the activity of antioxidative enzymes. However, the results do not provide an unambiguous determination of the effect of heavy metals on enzymatic activity. Summing up, the contamination of the water ecosystems caused by heavy metals was so low that it did not influence the activity of the analysed enzymes.

Wacława Marcoin, Beata Szulc-Musioł

ESTIMATION OF ABSORPTION OF MAGNESIUM NICOTINATE AND ITS DERIVATIVES WITH SELECTED AMINO ACIDS

Key words: magnesium nicotinate, ligands: glycine, arginine, solid dispersion, partition coefficient,
                      absorption.

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Preparation of solid dispersions is a popular pharmaceutical technology designed to improve the solubility and absorption characteristics of drugs. Solubilizing and moisturizing of carriers show influence on therapeutic substances; although dissolution of molecular dispersion of particles of the therapeutic substance in a neutral carrier is of utmost importance. This paper present the results of the research on influence of modification the structure of magnesium nicotinate Mg(Nic) with ligands, glycine and arginine, on the absorption process of Mg²⁺ ions in vitro. The absorption area was the small intestine of a rat. It was found that structural changes with an additional arginine or glycine ligand affect the absorption process of Mg²⁺ ions. Moreover, the effect of hydrophilic carriers on the partition coefficient (log P) for the system of n-octanol and phosphate buffer was investigated for the solid dispersions containing the examined magnesium salts. Phosphatidylcholine (PC-45) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K-30) were used as carriers for solid dispersions with of magnesium salts. It was confirmed that using auxiliary substances PC-45 and PVP changes significantly (p<0.05) P values, corresponding to increasing hydrophobic properties of solid dispersions of the examined salts. It was found that modification of the structure of magnesium nicotinate by amino acids such as arginine or glycine positively influences the absorption process Mg²⁺ ions. The research carried out on properties of the solid dispersions containing magnesium salts and phospatidylcholine (PC-45) or magnesium salts and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K30) showed positive influence of these auxiliary substances.

Zbigniew Mazur, Stanisław Sienkiewicz

EFFECT OF UREA APPLIED WITH COMPOSTS ON CONCENTRATION OF Cu, Zn AND Mn IN CORN FRESH MATTER

Key words: corn, composts, urea, Cu, Zn and Mn.

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Corn was grown for green matter in a pot experiment, in which soil was fertilized with composts alone or in combination with 3 g N per pot (urea). The composts were made in wooden boxes, measuring 50×60×60 cm. They were composted for 3.5 months, until the temperature in the composts became stable and equal to the ambient temperature. Rates of the composts were balanced with amounts of added nitroge, such as 6.0 g N per pot. A one-factor experiment was conducted in Kick-Brauckmann pots, kept in a greenhouse at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. After harvest, fresh matter of stems and leaves as well as corn cobs was determined. Next, the plant samples were dried to determine the dry matter content and finally, after mineralisation, the concentration of Cu, Zn and Mn was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The composts significantly reduced the concentration of zinc and manganese in the vegetative yield of cor (lstems and leaves). Urea applied in combination with the composts very strongly increased the concentration of manganese and, to a lesser degree, the level of zinc and copper in vegetative organs. In corn cobs, the application of urea increased only the content of manganese. Urea had a stronger effect on increasing the weight of cobs rather than the vegetative mass of corn plants. The uptake of Cu, Zn and Mn was more evidently conditioned by the accumulation of these elements in dry matter than by the total weight of corn plants. The extent of the relationship between the uptake of Cu, Zn and Mn and their concentration of corn biomass is expressed the by corresponding correlation coefficients: 0.66, 0.65 and 0.68.

Edward Niedźwiecki, Mikołaj Protasowicki, Edward Meller, Ryszard Malinowski, Adam Sammel

CONTENT OF POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN ORGANIC SOILS AND MEADOW VEGETATION OF SZCZECIN POMERANIA

Key words: organic soils, soil content of potassium and magnesium, sward content of potassium and magnesium.

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The studies included the major organic meadow soils of Szczecin Pomerania, left fallow or sporadically used extensively. The following determinations were made: the content of plant available magnesium and potassium (using HCl at the concentration of 0.5 mol×dm^-3), their total forms (soluble in the mixture of concentrated acids HNO₃ + HCIO₄) as well as the content of potassium and magnesium in the meadow-pasture sward from the area under study. The results are presented in Table 1. The investigated peat-muck, gyttia- muck, mineral-muck and muckous soils, in the surface layer 0-30 cm deep (which was primarily the muck layer) mostly contained the amounts of potassium and magnesium typical of organic soils when soluble in the mixture of concentrated acids HNO₃+HCIO₄ but low and frequently very low amounts of potassium soluble in 0.5 mol×dm-3 HCl from (0.04 to 0.51g×kg^-1). The content of this form of potassium depended on the degree of peat siltation. Low resources of available potassium were caused by the deficiency of this element in the meadow pasture sward since only in the sward of the Gryfinski Polder in Miedzyodrze and the sward from gyttia-muck soils near Miedwie Lake the optimum amounts were detected (above 15.0 g×kg^-1 dry matter). In comparison with these results, the content of magnesium, soluble in 0.5 mol×dm^-3 HCl in these soils was more favourable to plants (generally above 0.40 g×kg^-1), which is considered high according to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG 1990). In meadow sward, magnesium content mostly exceeded 2.0 g×kg ^-1 dry matter so either approached or reached the optimum value for fodder. Despite this, the calculated K:Mg ionic ratios confirm an unfavourable fodder value.

Barbara Pliszka, Jadwiga Waźbińska, Grażyna Huszcza-Ciołkowska

POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND BIOELEMENTS IN FRUITS OF EASTERN TEABERRY (GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS L.) HARVESTED IN DIFFERENT FRUIT MATURITY PHASES

Key words: anthocyanins, antioxidative activity, bioelements, fruits, Gaultheria procumbens, phenols.

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Eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) is known for its high content of essential oils in leaves and fruits, which are used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Recently, teaberries have been attracting more interest owing to their content of polyphenolic compounds. The purpose of our study has been to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds (anthocyanins and total phenols) as well as their antioxidative activity and the concentration of several bioelements (Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn) in extracts from fruits of Eastern teaberry harvested in three different fruit maturity stages. The content of polyphenolic compounds depended on the harvest date. The highest level of these compounds was found in extracts from teaberries collected in the full maturity phase. All teaberry extracts, independently of the harvest date, demonstrated high antioxidative activity. Among the bioelements determined, teaberry extracts contained more calcium than magnesium and more iron than zinc. The content of such bioelements as Mg, Fe and Zn (in contrast to Ca) found in teaberry extracts did not depend on the harvest date.

Beata Rutkowska, Wiesław Szulc, Jan Łabętowicz

INFLUENCE OF SOIL FERTILIZATION ON CONCENTRATION OF MICROELEMENTS IN SOIL SOLUTION OF SANDY SOIL

Key words: microelements, soil solution, mineral fertilization, manure, liming.

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The study was carried out to asses the influence of soil mineral fertilization, manure application and soil liming on changes in the concentration of microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil solution. The tests were performed on samples of sandy soil collected from long-term fertilization experiments being conducted on lessive soil of the granulometric structure of clayish sand. Soil solution was prepared with the suction method. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was determined by means of the ICP method. The results showed an increase in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and a decrease in B and Mo in soil solution when soil was fertilized with nitrogen. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was not significantly influenced when soil was fertilized with phosphorous and potassium. Liming had a significant effect on a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and an increase in B and Mo in soil solution. Soil application of manure significantly increased the concentration of microelements in soil solution.

Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak, Jolanta Korzeniowska

CONCENTRATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN PEA AND LUPIN PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEM

Keywords: no-tillage, pea, lupin, microelements in plants.

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In a two-year field study, the changes in Cu, Zn, Mn and B concentrations in aerial parts of lupine and pea were observed under traditional and no-tillage system. In each year, plant material samples were collected four times at 10-day intervals, from 30 days after sowing to the flowering stage. In plants of one species but grown under different tillage systems, differences in the content of micronutrients occurred in the early growth season, and tended to disappear in the early inflorescence phase. In general, these concentrations were higher in plants under traditional tillage system. However, under drought conditions these concentrations were higher in plants under no-tillage system. Regardless of a tillage system, some changes in micronutrient concentration during the vegetation period were observed. Concentration of copper in aerial parts of plants evidently decreased as the plants grew older. Fluctuations in the levels of Zn, Mn, and B did not follow such clearly defined tendencies and were dependent on the plant’s species and individual elements.

Małgorzata Stanosz, Stanisław Stanosz, Andrzej Puchalski

INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED TRANDERMAL HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY, INCLUDING MAGNESIUM, ON BONE FORMATION MARKERS WITH OSTEOARTHROSIS OF SPINE IN WOMEN

Key words: Osteoarthrosis. bone mineral density, bone-forming markers, hyperprolactinemia,
                          modified hormonal replacement therapy.

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In a randomized study 50 women, aged 51.7±2.8 years, suffering from primary osteoarthrosis (OA), were divided into two, equal groups (I, II). The women were employed in garment industry in contract work system. They were working in compulsory, mainly standing position. The women complained of backache of the lumbar region continuing for the minimum 5 years. During the study, bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was assessed twice with the densitometry DEXA method (Lunar Corporation equipment). Before treatment, structural changes in the lumbosacral spine were revealed using a CT Simens Sonata Plus 4. One energy technique (SEQCT) was applied. Concentrations of bone-forming markers in serum were measured three times: before treatment and 3 and 12 months afterwards. The concentration of acid phosphatase in serum was assessed by the enzymatic method according to Hitachi. The concentrations of osteocalcin and procolagen were radoimmunologically assessed by means of DRG Company – sets and concentration basal prolactin (PRL) before treatment radioimmunoassy kits produced by bioMerieux. In the first stage of the treatment, the women in the first group received placebo for three months. Slow Mag B6 was administered for three months to the women in the second group. In the second stage of the treatment, the women in both groups received 21-day therapeutic cycles of modified transdermal hormonal replacement therapy. Additionally, bromocriptine (2.5 mg per day) and Slow Mag B6 (160 mg per day) were administered orally. The cycles repeated at a 7-day interval. During the interval, withdrawal bleeding occurred. The results were statistically assessed by means of computerized programme package Statistica PL, version 5. It was stated that in 60% of women suffering from primary OA the basal concentration of prolactin in serum in was elevated above 25 ng/ml; in 25% women it was on the border level, and in 15% of the patients it was below the lower limit of the normal values. The combined treatment in women suffering from OA caused increase in bone-forming markers and decrease in pathological resorption processes of mineralization of the vertebral bodies. After 12 months of the therapy, resorption in the lumbar spine was diminished compared to the initial values, before the treatment. These changes were significant in L3/L4 vertebral bodies (p<0.05).

Dorota Wichrowska, Tadeusz Wojdyła, Ilona Rogozińska

CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME MACROELEMENTS IN POTATO TUBERS STORED

AT 4ºC AND 8ºC

Key words: potato, protein, phosphorus, potassium, herbicides, storage.

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The objective of the investigations was to evaluate changes in concentrations of total protein (nitrogen x 6.25), phosphorus and potassium in tubers of two potato cultivars: Rywal and Saturna, as dependent on the application of herbicides (Afalon 50 WP, Azogard 50 WP, Sencor 70 WG, and Apyros 75 WG), after harvest and after 3 and 6 months of storage. Concentrations of total protein, phosphorus and potassium in potato tubers were strongly conditioned by genetic features of the cultivars. The tubers collected from the objects sprayed with the herbicides over the vegetation period contained by 3.7%, 8.1%, and by 3.5% more protein, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, than those nursed exclusively mechanically. The corresponding values in the latter case reached respectively (means for the objects with the use of herbicides) 24.4 g kg^-1, 660.5 mg kg^-1 and 5351.3 mg kg^-1. After 3 and 6 months of storage at 8°C, the content of nitrogen was significantly lower. Similarly, tubers stored at 4oC contained significantly less nitrogen, but not earlier than after 6 months. In contrast, concentrations of phosphorus and potassium did not change significantly over the storage of tubers in chambers with the lower temperature (4°C).

Stanisław Wróbel

EFFECTS OF BORON FERTILIZATION OF SPRING CEREALS DEPENDING ON APPLICATION METHODS

Key words: boron deficiency, soil or foliar application of boron, boron concentration, yields.

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The study is a comparison of effects produced by boron fertilization applied to spring barley and oats, grown on light soil, low in available boron, in relation to the application method (pre-sowing, top dressing, foliar applications) and rates of the element. The study was carried out as a three-year series of one-year, two-factor strict field trials (the split-plot design). It has been demonstrated that top dressing with boron applied to soil at the tillering stage as well as foliar fertilization during the stem elongation stage can significantly improve yields. Grain of both cereals from the control plots showed symptoms of insufficient boron nutrition, which were absent when boron fertilization had been applied. Pre-sowing fertilization, although not affecting the yields, improved the supply of grain with boron. Differences between the cereal species were found in terms of boron concentrations in vegetative organs of the cereals and in their response to higher availability of this nutrient. Compared to spring barley, oats was characterised by a much higher content of boron in vegetative parts and was more responsive to increased concentrations of boron in soil.

VOLUME 14 - NUMBER 1 - MARCH 2009

Ryszard Baryła, Jolanta Sawicka, Mariusz Kulik, Halina Lipińska

CONTENT OF COMPONENTS IN SOME GRASS SPECIES IRRIGATED WITH PURIFIED SEWAGE

Keywords: macro- and microelements, heavy metals, irrigation, purified sewage.

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Soil is a unique laboratory of transformations and energy flow, and in particular of biological sorption and synthesis of mineral components that can originate from various sources. The introduction of biomass or sewage into soil contributes to its nutrient enrichment. This can lead to periodical excess of these elements in soil and cause their migration from the soil system to underground waters, and eventually to open waters. Grass communities belong to a group of plants that make excellent use of nutrients present in soil and perform a very important role in additional purification of sewage after its mechanical purification. Grasses demonstrate resistance to the presence of large quantities of harmful compounds in sewage; they accumulate and neutralise them physiologically, thus preventing their dissemination. The aim of this paper was to evaluate content of some macro- and microelements as well as heavy metals in chosen grass species irrigated with purified sewage. In 1997-2000, research was conducted near the Hajdów Sewage Works, using purified sewage for irrigation of grass communities. Three rates of irrigation (a – control without irrigation; b – irrigation in quantity 600 mm and c – irrigation in quantity 1200 mm) as well as two grass mixtures were tested. Content of basic macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn) as well as heavy metals (Cd, Pb) in dominant grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca pratensis and Phleum pratense) were determined. The content of the analyzed components in biomass was varied and depended on the grass species in the analyzing mixtures as well as on the applied rates of irrigation. Festuca pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were characterized by the largest capacity to take up calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), Phalaris arundinacea – phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), while Alopecurus pratensis – cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Biomass of Alopecurus pratensis was characterized by the lowest content of most of the elements, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The applied irrigation, especially the 1200 mm rate significantly increased potassium content and decreased manganese content in biomass of the analyzed grass species. The most useful grass species used to establish meadows irrigated with sewage are Phalaris arundinacea, Festuca arundinacea and Festuca pratensis.

Maciej Bosiacki, Wojciech Tyksiński

COPPER, ZINC, IRON AND MANGANESE CONTENT IN EDIBLE PARTS OF SOME FRESH VEGETABLES SOLD ON MARKETS IN POZNAŃ

Key words: copper, zinc, iron, manganese, heavy metals, fresh market, vegetables.

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Copper, zinc, iron and manganese contents were determined in edible parts of some fresh vegetables sold on markets in Poznań. The copper and zinc contents in vegetables obtained in the present study were compared to the ones reported from an analogous study carried out in the Department of Horticultural Plant Fertilization in Poznań fifteen years ago. Samples of vegetables were collected from six points distributed in the area of Poznań from March to July at monthly intervals. For the study, vegetables were divided into three groups according to edible parts: leaves (lettuce, cabbage, parsley, leek), roots (carrot, celeriac, parsley) and fruits (tomato, cucumber). The concentration of copper, zinc, iron and manganese was determined by the atomic flame absorption method using an AAS 3 Zeiss apparatus. The highest content of copper was found in roots of celeriac, while the smallest content was shown in cabbage leaves. The highest mean content of zinc was found in lettuce leaves and the lowest one in tomato fruit. The mean content of copper in all the vegetable species was lower in 2005 than in 1993. In 1993 more zinc was found in vegetables whose edible parts were fruits compared to the results of 2005. The vegetables whose leaves and roots are eaten were characterized by a higher zinc content in 2005. The highest content of iron was found in leaves of leek, while the lowest amounts were determined in tomato and cucumber fruits. The highest mean content of manganese was found in leaves of lettuce, while the smallest amount was in carrot roots. The iron content in the vegetables whose leaves and fruits are edible parts was lower in 2005 than in 1993, while the root vegetables were characterized by more iron in 2005. Higher content of manganese in all the vegetable species examined was found in 1993 than in 2005.

Teresa Bowszys, Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Justyna Bowszys

CONTENT AND REMOVAL OF CU AND ZN WITH HARVESTED CROPS GROWN ON SOIL FERTILIZED WITH COMPOSTED MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE

Key words: copper, zinc, crops, sewage sludge, composted municipal sewage sludge.

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The purpose of the study has been to determine the direct and residual effect of farmyard manure and composts made from sewage sludge on the content and uptake of copper and zinc by crops growing in a four-field crop rotation system. In 2004-2007, a field experiment was established on proper grey-brown podzolic soil, originating from light boulder clay, rich in P, moderately abundant in K and low in Mg, whose reaction was pH = 5.04. The experiment involved a four-field crop rotation cycle with the following crops: potato, spring barley, winter oilseed rape and winter wheat. The design of the experiment, set up according to the random block method, consisted of 8 object (2 x 4): 1) FYM, 2) composted sewage sludge, 3) compost (sewage sludge + straw), 4) dried and granulated sewage sludge. The composts and farmyard manure were applied once in the rotation system (under potato) at a rate of 10 t d.m. ha^-1 or twice, each time 5 t d.m. ha^-1 (under potato and under winter oilseed rape). In the objects fertilized with organic fertilizers and manure, nitrogen was balanced to 150 kg ha^-1 (under potato) and to 120 kg ha^-1 (under oilseed rape) depending on their total content of nitrogen. Spring barley and winter wheat received only mineral fertilizers. Before the experiment was set up, samples of soil, manure and composts had been collected for determination of Cu and Zn in 1 mol HCl dm^-3 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The content of zinc and copper in the crops was modified by the form of sewage sludge and sewage sludge composts to a greater extent than by the way these fertilizers were applied in the crop rotation system. Soil fertilization with dried and granulated sewage sludge or composted sludge increased the content of copper and its removal with harvested potato and winter rape, but the analogous values were higher when the cereals were grown on FYM fertilized soil. The strongest influence on the content and removal of zinc was exerted by soil fertilization with dried and granulated sewage sludge. The index of copper and zinc uptake was to a greater degree conditioned by the species of a crop than by the type of fertilizers or their application method. Municipal sewage sludge and sewage sludge composts can be used as a substitute of manure in farms which do not keep farm animals.

Teresa Bowszys, Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Justyna Bowszys, Arkadiusz Bieniek

MODIFICATIONS IN THE CONTENT OF AVAILABLE ZINC AND COPPER IN SOIL FERTILIZED WITH BIO-WASTE COMPOSTS

Key words: sewage sludge, zinc, copper, soil.

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The aim of this study has been to determine the indirect and direct effects of farmyard manure and sewage sludge composts, produced in the north-eastern part of Poland, on the content of 1 mol HCl dm^-3 soluble forms of zinc and copper in soil. In 2004-2007, a field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station in Bałcyny near Ostróda. The experiment was established on proper grey-brown podzolic soil originating from light boulder clay, which was rich in P, moderately abundant in K and low in Mg. It comprised a four-field crop rotation system (potato, spring barley, winter oilseed rape and winter wheat. The design of the experiment, set up according to the random block method, involved 8 objects (2 x 4): 1) farmyard manure, 2) compost (sewage sludge + straw), 3) dried and granulated sewage sludge, 4) composted sewage sludge. The composts and FYM were introduced to soil once (in 2004) at a rate of 10 t d.m. ha^-1 or 2 × 5 d.m. ha^-1 (under potato and winter oilseed rape). In 2004, nitrogen in the soil enriched with natural fertilizers was balanced to 150 kg ha^-1 according to the N-total content. In 2005, soil cropped with spring barley received only mineral fertilization, whereas winter oilseed rape received the second rate of organic fertilizers (in the series consisting of 2 × 5 d.m. ha^-1) and nitrogen was balanced to 120 kg ha^-1. In 2006, soil under winter wheat received only mineral fertilization. Prior to the establishment of the experiment, soil, manure and compost samples were taken. Having been averaged, the samples were subjected to determination of their content of Cu and Zn in 1 mol HCl dm^-3. The soil, whose reaction was 5.04 in 1 mol HCl dm^-3, was moderately abundant in available zinc and low in copper. After four years of the trials, the levels of available forms of copper and zinc in the soil fertilized with sewage sludge composts, compared to the soil enriched with FYM, were higher. In the first and fourth year of the experiment, the content of both elements was found to increase significantly in the objects fertilized with dry, granulated and composted sludge. Sludge composted with straw significantly raised the content of Zn and Cu in the second and third year of the experiment. However, fertilization of grey-brown podzolic soil with sewage sludge did not change its classification according to the abundance of available forms of copper and zinc.

Maria Długaszek, Piotr Karbowiak, Mirosława Szopa

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATIONS IN DIALYSIS FLUIDS BEFORE AND AFTER DIALYZER

Key words: dialysis fluids, trace elements, atomic absorption spectrometry.

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Disturbances of mineral metabolism are one of the many complications observed in patients with renal failure. Fluids used in dialysotherapy may introduce elements to a patient’s body. On the other hand, some trace elements may be removed. Dialysis fluids contain chlorides of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), but they may also be contaminated by toxic metals. In the first part of our work the amounts of Mg, Ca, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) were determined in samples of hemodialysis fluids just before and after a dialyzer. The concentration of copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) were measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) in a graphite furnace (GFAAS) in the same dialysates. The average concentration of Cu in dialysis fluids before and after dialyzer was 13.51 and 10.51 µg dm^-3 respectively, Al – 8.72 and 7.88 µg dm^-3, Pb – 24.03 and 22.81 µg dm^-3, Cd – 1.09 and 1.07 µg dm^-3, Cr – 5.91 and 6.28 µg dm^-3. Except for Cr (p < 0.05), the comparison of concentrations of all the measured elements before and after haemodialysis did not show any significant differences. Positive significant correlations between the element concentration before and after a dialyzer were found for Al (r = 0.3303 and Cd (r = 0.7496). In the samples of dialysis fluids of patients who had been dialyzed for less than one year, a negative balance of elements was found, except Pb. The balance was positive in patients who had been dialyzed for more than a year. Our findings also show statistically significant negative correlation between duration of dialysis treatments and Al concentration. Statistically, the examined dialysis fluids seem to be safe for dialyzed patients. However, individual data show that it is important to control elemental levels in dialyzates used for many years to prevent some complications in these patients.

Jolanta Domańska

SOLUBLE FORMS OF ZINC IN PROFILES OF SELECTED TYPES OF ARABLE SOILS

Key words: zinc, total contents, available forms, rendzina, chernozem soil, brown soil, lessive, rusty soil, podzolic soil, peat soil.

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The research was carried out on arable soils of the region of Lublin. The aim of the study was to determine the content of Zn extractable in 1 M HCl dm^-3 in profiles of selected types of soils and the total content of Zn (measured in aqua regia) in soil samples from the accumulative layer 0-20 cm of the soils. The investigations included 8 morphological types of soils: Rendzic Leptosols (typical rendzinas), Rendzic Leptosols (humic rendzinas), Haplic Phaeozems, Calcaric Cambisols, Haplic Luvisols, Cambic Arenosols, Haplic Podzols, Eutri-Terric Histosols. The content of zinc (Zn) was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In mineral soils the highest content of total Zn was found in rendzinas (48.0-55.8 mg kg^-1 DM) and the lowest one appeared in rusty soil and in podzolic soil – about 13 mg Zn kg^-1 each, at average 24.5 mg kg^-1. Average concentration of available forms of zinc was 5.2 mg Zn kg^-1. The amount of this element in soils was from 2.0 mg Zn kg^-1 in the level Cca of typical rendzinas to 17.0 mg Zn kg^-1 in the accumulative level of peat soil. In most profiles the highest concentration of soluble form of Zn was present in the accumulative layer and was usually decreasing deeper in the profile. The distribution of Zn in profiles was shaped by the biological accumulation of this element in the humus horizon and natural biogeochemical processes.

Elżbieta Dusza, Zdzisław Zabłocki, Bożena Mieszczerykowska-Wójcikowska

CONTENT OF MAGNESIUM AND OTHER FERTILIZER COMPOUNDS IN STABILIZED AND DEWATERED SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM THE MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN RECZ

Key words: magnesium, nutrient compounds, post galvanic sewage, sludge, utilisation.

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The aim of this study was to determine the content of magnesium and other fertilizer compounds (Ca, K, Na, P, N and S) in stabilized and dewatered sewage sludge stored on dewatered sites at the Municipal Treatment Plant in Recz in 1994-2003. Discharge of post galvanic sewage to the municipal sewer system was evaluated at approximately 10% processed sewage at this treatment plant .The fertilizer value and possible utilization of the sludge was evaluated. When evaluating possible use of the sewage sludge for fertilization purposes in agriculture, it was found that the concentration of magnesium in sludge samples was in the range of 0.2-0.5, on average 0.33%, and was substantially lower than the level of this compound given in literature. The content of this compound in sewage sludge is found in the range 0.02 do 7.6% and depends on the type of a treatment plant, treatment process, and also on the share of industrial sewage. Sewage sludge applied in agriculture should be characterized by a high content of magnesium (approximately 0.6%). Some physical and chemical properties of the examined sewage sludge were very good (loose soil consistency, lack of odor, humidity from 40 to 80%, suitable pH and high concentration of Ca, K, Na, P, N and S). The reaction was in the pH range from 5.6 to 7.0 (from slightly acid to neutral), which is typical of sewage sludge obtained during the biological processing of municipal sewage. The mean content of main nutrient compounds in the sludge, which was N – 2.7%, P – 4.7 and K – 0.18%, enables classification of this material as suitable for use in agriculture. Taking under consideration the content of all macronutrients and physical properties of the sludge produced at the Municipal Treatment Plant in Recz, it can be concluded that this sewage sludge may be applied on agricultural land and used for reclamation of degraded soils. But every batch of sewage sludge should be analyzed and evaluated individually because it may contain excessive amounts of heavy metals due to periodical discharge of post galvanic sewage to municipal sewerage. 

Ryszard Stanisław Górecki, Wiesław Danielski-Busch

EFFECT OF SILICATE FERTILIZERS ON YIELDING OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) IN CONTAINER CULITIVATION

Full text – pdf.

Key words: silicates, fertilization, cucumber, growing medium, yield.

Silicone (Si), a very abundant element in the Earth’s crust, is beneficial for plants, animals and humans. Despite its abundance in nature, it is often unavailable in sufficient quantities. Cucurbits are believed to accumulate elevated quantities of Si and benefit from Si fertilization. It is believed that higher Si content in cucumber plant is connected with  increased yields as well as improved resistance to diseases and tolerance to abiotic stresses, for example drought. The beneficial effects of Si have been confirmed by the present study, in which cucumbers were grown in soil and in liquid nutrient solutions. The aim of the experiments has been to evaluate the effect of several silicates supplementing peat-based growing substrates on yield and Si content in growing media and in cucumber plants. For this purpose, pot experiments were carried out in an unheated greenhouse in 2005-2007. Cucumber plants were cultivated in 12-liter containers filled with substrates amended with Na-, K-, Ca- and ammonium silicates at rates of 2 or 4 g per liter. The results indicated that slow-release Ca- and NH₄-silicates contributed to increased yield and elevated Si content in cucumber leaves and fruits. The effect of the other silicates was not certain and, additionally, dependent on their concentrations. Water-soluble Na- and K-silicates caused increased Na or K concentration and raised pH of substrates. The results revealed that increased yields depended on the number of fruits rather than their average weight. The silicates of calcium and ammonium can be valuable, slow-release fertilizers in cucumber cultivation on organic (peat) substrates. Even in quantities as high as 4 g per liter of substrate, they did not cause drastic changes of the pH and salinity of growing media and were a good source of Si available to cucumber plants.

Czesława Jasiewicz, Agnieszka Baran, Jacek Antonkiewicz

ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SANITARY STATE OF SAND IN SELECTED SANDBOXES IN KRAKOW

Key word: heavy metals, sanitary condition, sandbox, children, environmental hazard.

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The aim of the research was to assess the chemical composition and sanitary state of sandboxes in Krakow. Samples of sand were collected from 42 sandboxes located on playgrounds in housing estates and municipal (urban) parks. In the samples the following were determined: reaction, organic matter and the content of total and soluble forms of several elements. The sand in the analyzed sandboxes had highest content of Zn, while the concentrations of other metal appeared in the following decreasing order: >Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd (total forms) and Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Cd (soluble forms). The highest potential for ingesting heavy metals by humans due to accidental consumption of sand was found for Zn, followed by Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Cd. Children were at a higher risk of exposition to heavy metals than adults. On no occasion, the permissible limits of heavy metals for urbanized and built-up areas (group B) – set up by the regulation of the Minister for Environment on soil and earth quality – were exceeded. The same applies to the threshold levels of contaminants established for soils polluted by man-made sources. However, the sandboxes were found to be in poor sanitary conditions.

Mariusz Kulik

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASS-LEGUMES SWARD

Keywords: ADF, macroelements, soil, total protein, utilization method.

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The biological value of fodder is estimated on the basis of its content of particular macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). Concentration of these components in fodder depends on many factors, mainly on the properties of soil, type of land use and growth phase of crops. The aim of this paper was to estimate the effect of soil properties, land use and species composition of a sward mixture on the content of macroelements, total protein and acid detergent fibre in grass-legumes sward. In 2002-2005 a field study was carried out on mineral and organic soil in Sosnowica (near the Wieprz-Krzna Canal). Two land use types were tested: pasture (sward grazed by cattle) and simulated (sward frequently cut, proportionally to the grazings). Six grass-legumes mixtures were sown, including the following species: Poa pratensis, Festulolium braunii, Festulolium loliaceum (2 strains), Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis. Tetraploid hybrids of Festulolium loliaceum [Festuca pratensis (4x) x Lolium perenne (4x) were obtained at the Institute of Plant Genetics PAS in Poznań. Pasture sward was grazed by Limousine cattle 5-6 times during the grazing season, while the simulated sward was cut at the same time. Chemical composition of fodder (total protein, ADF, P, K, Ca, Mg) was estimated. Sward on organic soil was characterized by a significantly higher content of total protein, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium as well as a significantly lower content of potassium in comparison to sward on mineral soil. Moreover, a significantly higher content of potassium and significantly lower content of magnesium in pasture sward were observed. Sward was of perfect quality (content of ADF) and had an optimum content of basic macroelements. No influence of the examined species in the mixtures on feed quality was observed. Consequently, compared to the other species, Festulolium loliaceum hybrids prove to be suitable for to pasture mixtures in a postboggy habitat. .

Halina Lipińska, Wojciech Lipiński

INITIAL GROWTH OF PHLEUM PRATENSE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LEAF WATER EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED GRASS SPECIES AND THE SAME EXTRACTS IMPROVED WITH MgSO₄×7H₂O

Key words: allelopathy, grasses, magnesium sulphfate, Phleum pratense.

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In multi-species grassland communities, plant growth and development are modified by both a number of habitat-related factors and physico-chemical processes resulting from the neighbourhood of other species. Plant interactions mediated through chemical substances are identified within the allelopathic processes. The allelopathic process involves excretion of bioactive compounds from plant or microorganisms that inhibit or stimulate physiological processes of the neighbour plants. The allelopathic compounds can exert a harmful impact on the emergence of seedlings, initial development and installation. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the allelopathic influence of the old sward on the plants sown as well to limit the interaction between these new plants. It is claimed that, among others, fertilizer components may partially reduce effects of allelopathic influences In this study we show the differences in growth inhibition of Ph. pratense seedlings caused by the water extracts of leaves of selected grass species and the amelioration of growth inhibition by addition of magnesium sulfate. The bioassays were performed on Petri dishes under the laboratory conditions. The activity of allelopathic substances in the leaf extracts was evaluated by the degree of inhibition of seed germination, seedling height and root length compared to the control objects (supplied with distilled water). The amelioration of the negative allelopathic effects by a complete nutrient component with or without the addition of magnesium sulfate was also evaluated against the appropriate controls and compared to the objects where blotting-paper was moistened only with leaf extracts. The present studies confirmed the defensive activity of magnesium sulfate against the allelopathic compounds of the tested grass species affecting the initial growth and development of Phleum pratense. The obtained results indicate potential elimination of the allelopathic negative influence of plants through suitable fertilization.

Zenia Michałojć, Halina Buczkowska

CONTENT OF MACROELEMENTS IN EGGPLANT FRUITS DEPENDING ON VARIED POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION

Key words: eggplant fruit, potassium fertilizer, K dose, macroelements.

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Eggplant fruits are abundant in potassium, the amount of which ranges from 200 to 600 mg K 100 g^-1 FM, depending on a variety. They are also a rich source of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron. As there are no fertilization recommendations for eggplant cultivation under cover, this study been undertaken to evaluate the vegetable’s requirements. The aim was to test how the type and dose of potassium fertilizer influences nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium levels in eggplant fruits. The experiment on cv. Epic F₁ eggplant was carried out in unheated polyethylene tunnel in 2004-2005. The eggplant was cultivated on peat subsoil in 10 dm³ capacity cylinders made of rigid plastic. The experiment was set up in a two-factor, completely randomized design. The influence of two factors was examined: I – type of potassium fertilizer (KCl, K₂SO₄, KNO₃), and II – potassium rate (8, 16, 24 g K plant^-1). Fruit samples for laboratory determinations were collected in mid-August, in the middle of fruiting stage. Fruits were harvested at the stage of technological maturity and the following were determined: Ntot, P, K, Ca, Mg. The results were processed by variance analysis. Significantly higher total nitrogen and potassium concentrations in fruits of plants fertilized with potassium nitrate as compared to the other two fertilizer types were recorded. Increasing potassium doses, regardless the fertilizer type, considerably increased the element content in eggplant fruits and widened the K:Ca ratio value. The diversification of potassium fertilization did not have significant influence on phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in eggplant fruits. No significant changes in calcium content in fruits were observed when applying potassium sulfate or nitrate, while higher potassium chloride rates significantly decreased the concentration of this element in fruits.

Krystian Obolewski, Katarzyna Glińska-Lewczuk, Szymon Kobus

AN ATTEMPT AT EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF WATER QUALITY ON THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE OF EPIPHYTIC FAUNA DWELLING ON STRATIOTES ALOIDES L., A CASE STUDY ON AN OXBOW LAKE OF THE ŁYNA RIVER

Key words: epiphytic macrofauna, water chemism, oxbow lake, the Łyna River.

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The paper contains the results of a study on the dependence of the qualitative and quantitative structure of the phytophilous macrofauna dwelling on Stratiotes aloides L. (water soldier) on the quality of waters in a lentic oxbow lake of the Łyna River. The observations were carried out during the vegetative season (April – June) 2006 at high and moderate water levels. During the study, a total of 18 taxa of invertebrates dwelling on the above plant species were identified, with the exact number of taxa varying in time: 11 taxa were noticed in April and May, and in June their number went up to 13. The examination of hydrochemical parameters of the oxbow lake waters revealed that the density of macrofauna was lower at higher values of proper conductivity and macronutrients, ammonia nitrogen and COD, increasing at high levels of sulphates. High concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and non-organic components coincided with decreased biomass of epiphytic animals on water soldier. Additionally, it has been observed that elevated concentrations of potassium ions have a negative influence on the biomass of most epiphytic animals (except Erpobdella sp.).

Leszek Rachoń, Grzegorz Szumiło

COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED WINTER WHEAT SPECIES

Key words: hard wheat, spelt, grain quality, chemical composition, macronutrients, microelements.

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Chemical composition of common wheat – Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare Vill. Host., hard wheat – Triticum durum Desf., and spelt – Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell grains was investigated. Total protein, wet gluten, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, falling number, macronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium), and microelements (copper, iron, manganese, zinc) were determined. Also standard deviation, variability and correlation coefficients were calculated. Hard wheat and spelt lines were characterized by much higher contents of total protein, wet gluten, and falling number value than common wheat; however, the highest protein concentration and falling number was recorded in grains of hard wheat. Common wheat was distinguished by low ash content and the highest carbohydrates level. Higher percentage of macronutrients and microelements in grains of spelt and hard wheat, as compared to common wheat, confirms the usefulness of these species for foodstuff production. Among the qualitative traits studied, content of carbohydrates appeared to be the least variable (cv = 2.2%), while the highest variability (cv = 31.1%) was shown by fat content. Significant correlations for the following trait pairs were observed: protein–gluten, protein–carbohydrates, fat–ash, fat–falling number, carbohydrates–gluten, and ash–falling number.

Magdalena Senze, Monika Kowalska-Góralska, Przemysław Pokorny

METALS IN CHOSEN AQUATIC PLANTS IN A LOWLAND DAM RESERVOIR

Key words: aquatic plants, dam reservoirs, rivers, water, metals.

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The research involved Słup Dam Reservoir, which is used as a source of drinking water and for flood prevention. The research material was made up of aquatic plants and water collected in the littoral zone of the reservoir, in which copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc contents were determined. Ceratophyllum demersum L. turned out to be the best accumulator of nickel, cadmium and zinc, Potamogeton crispus L. – copper, and Phragmites communis Trin – zinc. The presence of plants in the backwater area of the dam reservoir definitely improves water quality, not only thanks to their metal accumulation properties but because of their ability to act as a filter of substances carried in the water.

Maja Słupczyńska, Stefania Kinal, Monika Hadryś, Barbara Król

UTILIZATION OF SELENIUM COMPOUNDS IN NUTRITION OF LAMBS

Key words: bioavailability, selenium, tissue accumulation, glutathione peroxidase.

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The level of mineral utilization depends on many factors related to animals as well as to the chemical form of given nutrients. It has been experimentally demonstrated that animals utilize inorganic forms of minerals less efficiently than organic ones. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the bioavailability of selenium bound in different compounds to lambs.  Selenium supplementation in fodder mixtures was another aspect included in our tests. Thus, an experiment was conducted on 48 growing lambs, testing the level and chemical forms of selenium in fodder mixtures for animals. In group I (the control) lambs received fodder mixture without any selenium supplement. In the experimental groups, selenium was supplemented as sodium selenite in the amount 0.2 mg Se kg^-1 d.m. feeds (II), or selenium enriched yeast (Se-yeast) in the amounts of 0.1 and 0.2 mg Se kg^-1 d.m. of feed groups III and IV, respectively. At the end of the experiment, when animals had reached 35 kilos of weight, blood samples were taken. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was estimated in heparinized blood samples. Eight lambs were chosen from each group and killed to collect samples of soft tissues (liver, kidney, brain, muscle). The content of selenium was determined in the tissue samples. Supplementation of feeds for lambs with selenium, both inorganic (sodium selenite) and organic (Se-yeast), increased the content of the element in soft tissues of animals. The highest level of the element was found in the liver and kidneys: 4.65 and 4.90 and 2.10 and 2.30 mg kg^-1 fresh tissue, of the lambs receiving sodium selenine and Se-yeast in the amount 0.2 mg Se kg^-1 D.M. of feed (groups II and IV), respectively. Selenium compounds added to feeds given to lambs significantly (PŁ 0.01) increased activity of GSH-Px in blood, especially in the case of animals which received yeast enriched with selenium. In blood of the lambs which received feeds with Se-yeast in the amount 0.2 mg Se kg^-1 d.m. of feed (group IV), the activity of glutathione peroxidase was by 129.71 U gHb^-1 higher, and of the animals which received Se-yeast in the amount 0.1 mg kg-1 d.m. or sodium selenite, the activity of the enzyme was higher by 86.33 and 86.35 U gHb^-1, respectively, than the activity of this enzyme in blood of animals from the control group. Supplementation of lambs’ rations with Se in the form of selenite or yeast enriched with selenium forms increased the content of Se in soft tissues and gluthatione peroxidase activity in comparison with animals which did not receive additional doses of this nutrient in fodder mixtures. The availability of Se was more profoundly affected by the amount of the element added rather than its form.

Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak, Jolanta Korzeniowska, Urszula Sienkiewicz-Cholewa

CONCENTRATION OF SELECTED MICRONUTRIENTS IN SANDY SOIL IN RELATION TO LONG-TERM DIRECT DRILLING METHOD

Keywords: soil tillage methods, zero-tillage, micronutrients, Cu, Zn, Mn.

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Compared to conventional tillage method, physical and chemical properties of soil treated with long-term zero-tillage method (direct drilling without ploughing) are different, especially soil porosity, moisture conditions, concentration of organic carbon and macronutrients. The aim of a three-year field study was to compare the content of micronutrients in soil under traditional and zero-tillage. The difference in micronutrient concentration in soil treated with different soil tillage method can affect quantity and quality of yields. The study was conducted using seven fields with 4-5 or 11 years period under diverse tillage method. Soil samples were colleted from three random points in every field on the beginning of June. Samples were obtained from two layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm in depth using an Eijkelkamp soil sampler (diameter 2.5 cm). Micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn) in soil samples were determined by the AAS method after extraction with HCl at 1 mol dm^-3. The results were compared using t-Student test. The tillage methods were found to have produced differences only in Cu concentrations in soil. However, it was impossible to point clearly which method resulted in a higher Cu concentration as the actual differences depended also on the year of study and the soil layer. The zero-tillage method compared to the conventional method did not produce differences in Mn and Zn concentrations. The general level of the three microelements and the differences in their levels in relation to a tillage method were similar in both soil layers.

Anna Stolarska , Jacek Wróbel, Krystyna Przybulewska, Joanna Błaszczyk,  Michalina Okurowska

INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY IN A MEDIUM ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION OF SEEDLINGS OF NEW RYE LINES

Key words: rye lines, assimilation pigments, proline, fresh matter

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A hydroponic experiment has been conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical response of four new rye lines – S120, S76, OT1-3 and 541 – bred at the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University in Szczecin. Seeds were sown into soil and placed into a phytotrone chamber with controlled atmosphere and photoperiod. The relative humidity was 80%, the temperature maintained at 20ºC and the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (Phar) was 700 µmol m^-2 s^-1. Seed germination occurred after about 5 days. The seeds were characterised by different germination ability: 80% for S120, 100% for S76, 82% in OT1, and just 50% for 541 line. Rye seedlings, at the 2-3 leaf stage, were placed in hydroponic units and a two-factor experiment was set up, with potassium deficiency being the first factor and rye lines the second one. The control variant consisted of seedlings placed on complete Hoagland’s medium, while potassium starvation was performed on a medium with 50% deficiency of this element. After seven days, fresh matter was weighed, proline content was measured according to the Bates method (1973) and amounts assimilation pigments were measured according to the method of Arnon et al. (1956). The results were processed statistically, performing a two-factor analysis of variance, while the significance of factors was tested using Tukey’s test at a = 0.05. The study aimed at examining selected physiological and biochemical indicators of the resistance response of four rye lines to stress induced by potassium deficiency. Application of 50% potassium deficiency in a medium induced an increase in the content of assimilation pigments in leaf fresh matter of S120 rye line. A correlation was found between proline content and that of assimilation pigments. The largest proline quantity, 27.2 µg g^-1 f.m., was found in 541 rye line seedlings, but its content decreased together with fresh matter yield. It was also found that the total chlorophyll content was directly proportional to the content of proline in S120, S76 and OT1-3 rye lines, whereas in the case of other pigments such a relationship existed only for S 120 and S76 rye lines.

Paweł Wójcik, Wioletta Popińska

RESPONSE OF LUKASOVKA PEAR TREES TO FOLIAR ZINC SPRAYS

Key words: pear, zinc, foliar sprays.

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The aim of the study was to examine the efficiency of foliar zinc (Zn) application in pear culture. The experiment was carried out in 2005-2007 in a commercial orchard in central Poland, on 6-8 year-old cv. Lukasovka pear trees, grown on coarse-textured soil, moderately abundant in organic matter or available Zn and slightly acidic in reaction. The trees were sprayed with Zn as EDTA in three periods: (1) before bloom: at the stage of bud break, and green and white bud, at a rate of 80 g Zn ha^-1 in each spray treatment; (2) after bloom: at petal fall, and 14 and 21 days after full bloom, at a rate of 50 g Zn ha-1 per spray or; (3) after harvest, 3-4 weeks before natural leaf fall, at a rate of 200 g Zn ha^-1. Trees unsprayed with Zn served as the control. The results showed, that pre-bloom Zn sprays increased status of this micronutrient in flowers, and post-bloom Zn sprays – in leaves and fruits. However, foliar Zn sprays had no effect on tree vigor, set of flowers and fruitlets, yielding, mean fruit weight, fruit russeting, and content of organic acids and soluble solids in fruit flesh. It is concluded that foliar Zn sprays of pear trees with an optimal leaf Zn status (according to the current threshold values) are not successful in improving plant growth, yielding, and fruit quality.

Krystyna Zarzecka, Marek Gugała, Bogumiła Zadrożniak

IMPACT OF INSECTICIDES ON MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM CONTENTS IN POTATO TUBERS

Key words: potato, Colorado potato beetle, insecticides, magnesium, calcium.

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A study has been carried out on the basis of a field experiment set up on soil of very good rye complex. The experiment was designed as randomized sub-blocks with three replications. Experimental factors included three cultivars of edible potato – Wiking, Mors, and Żagiel, and six Colorado potato beetle control methods using the following insecticides: Actara 25 WG at the rate of 80 g ha^-1, Regent 200 SC at the rate of 0.1 dm³ ha^-1, Calypso 480 SC at three rates: 0.05; 0.075 and 0.1 dm³ ha^-1, and a control treatment without chemical protection. Magnesium and calcium contents in potato tubers were determined by the ASA method. The content of the elements depended on the cultivars, Colorado potato beetle control methods and weather conditions throughout the growing season. The insecticides applied significantly increased magnesium and calcium contents compared with the tubers harvested from the control treatment where no chemical protection was applied. Tubers of Żagiel and Wiking cultivars had the highest magnesium content and calcium content, respectively.

VOLUME 13 - NUMBER 4 - DECEMBER 2008

Jean B. Diatta

Mutual Cu, Fe and Mn solubility control under differentiated soil moisture status

Key words: copper, iron, manganese, solubility, solution pH, metal activity, soil moisture.

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The effect of three different moisture statuses, i.e., 150, 200 and 300% FWC (Field Water Capacity) on copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) solubility and solution activity was investigated on soil samples characterised by different levels of copper contamination. Soils (200 g) were weighted into polyethylene containers (500 cm³) and amounts of bidistilled water were properly added to reach the targeted moisture status of 150, 200 and 300% of the FWC. The incubation was held under laboratory conditions at the temperature of 19-20ºC for a period of 30 days. Supernatants (10 cm³) were collected at given intervals of time, filtered and analysed for pH (potentiometrically) as well as for Cu, Fe, and Mn (spectrophotometrically). It was found that the activity of Cu²⁺ ions decreased gradually with increasing pH of the solution, irrespective of the moisture status and that this process was more pronounced for 150 and 200% than for 300% FWC. The activity of Fe varied in a narrow range i.e. –5.0 and –6.0 mol_cdm^-3 and was related to pH changes (in the range 4.0-7.5). The impact of increased moisture status on the solubility process was less pronounced. Further studies should be undertaken in order to elucidate such Fe behaviour. Manganese solution activity varied mostly between – 4.0 and –7.0 mol_cdm^-3, and was found to be less sensitive to pH changes. But it must be pointed out that the effect of high pH on the increase of Mn activity was limited, which implied that Mn²⁺ activity was moisture-dependent, basically. Care should be taken to avoid any submersion of soils subjected to contamination or pollution by trace metals, since any excess of stagnant water (anoxic conditions) leads to increased solubility and simultaneous activity of trace metals in the solution. This process is greatly strengthened by significant amounts of soil-born Fe and organic matter.

Renata Dobromilska, Małgorzata MikiciukKamila Gubarewicz

EVALUATION OF CHERRY TOMATO YIELDING AND FRUIT MINERAL COMPOSITION AFTER USING OF BIO-ALGEEN S-90 PREPARATION

Key words: vegetables, seaweeds, content of bioelements, water use efficiency index.

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The aim of the experiments carried out in a high, polyethylene in the years 2004-2006 was to examine the influence of the algae preparation Bio-algeen S-90 on yield, mineral composition of fruits, content of assimilatory pigments, intensity of assimilation and transpiration and photosynthetic water use efficiency index of the cherry tomato cv. Conchita F1. The results on tomato yields proved significant differences in total and marketable yield under the influence of Bio-algeen. The biggest total and marketable yields were obtained when plants were treated three times with Bio-algeen. Bio-algeen also caused increase in content of mineral components in cherry tomato fruits. Three- and fourfold sprays increased the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron and nitrates. Treating tomato plants with the preparation increased the content of assimilatory pigments of tomato. Increase in a number of Bio-algeen sprays led to higher contents of total, a and b chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves. Intensity of assimilation and transpiration of the plants and water use efficiency index depended on number of plants spraying with Bio-algeen. Plants sprayed two and three times with Bio-algeen were characterized by greater transpiration and assimilation intensity, but also by smaller efficiency of water use index.

Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć 

POTASSIUM CONTENT IN MAIZE AND SOIL FERTILIZED WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS

Key words: potassium, sewage sludge, maize.

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Since potassium is essential for plant nutrition, should this element be deficient in sewage sludge used for plant fertilization supplementary mineral potassium fertilization is necessary. The aim of the present study has been to evaluate the effect of fertilization with organic materials on maize yield, its potassium concentrations and the content of bioavailable forms of potassium in soil of different grain size distribution. The impact of fertilization on potassium concentrations in maize was examined in a 3-year, two-factor pot experiment (the factors were soil and fertilization). The grain size distribution of the test soil material was weakly loamy sand (psg), sandy silt loam (gpp) and medium silt loam (gśp). Sewage sludge originated from two different municipal mechanical and biological sewage treatment plants. Mixtures of sewage sludge with peat were prepared at a gravimetric ratio 1:1 converted to material dry matter. For chemical analyses the plant material was mineralized in a muffle furnace (at 450ºC for 5 hrs) and the remains were dissolved in diluted nitric acid. Bioavailable potassium was determined with Egner-Riehm method in the soil material, which was dried and sifted through a 1mm mesh sieve. Potassium was determined by flame photometry in solutions of the plant material and soil extracts. Fertilization with sewage sludge and mixtures with peat had a more positive effect on maize yield than fertilization with mineral salts. In comparison with organic materials supplied to the soil, mineral salt treatment significantly increased potassium content in maize biomass. Mineral supplementation of potassium introduced with organic materials and its balancing did not increase soil abundance in bioavailable potassium in comparison with the initial abundance, although a diversified soil response to the applied fertilization was observed.

Barbara Hawrylak-Nowak 

EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON SELECTED MACRONUTRIENTS IN MAIZE PLANTS

Key words: selenium, maize, chemical composition.

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Selenium is an essential element for humans, animals and some species of microorganisms. In higher plants, however, the role of selenium is still unclear. Because selenium enrichment may influence the nutrient balance of plants, a study was done to test the effects of selenite-Se (Na₂SeO₃ 5H₂O) on selected macronutrients content in maize (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Kcke. cv. Złota Karłowa) seedlings. Plants were grown in Hoagland I nutrient solution (pH 6,2) amended with selenite at 0 (control), 5, 25, 50 and 100 µmol dm^-3 for 14 days. The dry weight of the shoots was then analyzed for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content. Phosphorus and calcium content increased, while potassium content decreased with increasing selenium treatments. No significant differences were found for magnesium level. Plant growth was affected by excessive selenium concentration. At low concentration (5 µmol dm^-3), selenium tended to stimulate the plant growth and the root elongation but at higher concentrations (50 and 100 µmol dm^-3) the dry mass accumulation and root tolerance index severely decreased. The study revealed that disturbances of growth and reduction of plant’s biomass at the presence of high selenium concentrations in the nutrient solution may have resulted from the disturbance of mineral balance of plants, namely accumulation of large amounts of calcium and phosphorus in shoot tissues.

Krzysztof Jankowski, Wojciech Budzyński, Andrzej Szymanowski

EFFECT OF SULFUR ON THE QUALITY OF WINTER RAPE SEEDS

Key words: winter rape, sulfur fertilization, crude fat, total protein, gluosinolates.

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The paper presents the results of three-year (2000-2003) experiments to determine the effect of the date of sulfur application (fall + spring or spring only) and the fertilizer rate (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha^-1) on the usability of winter rape seeds. The pre-sowing and the spring rates of sulfur as well as the rate applied entirely in the spring did not lead to significant variations in crude fat concentrations, but a clear tendency towards an increase in the total protein content was observed in rape seeds. A one-way increase was reported to the level of 60 kg S ha^-1. An increase in the sulfur rate (regardless of the date of application) to 90 kg ha^-1 raised the concentrations of alkene glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and progoitrin, and – to a lesser degree – of indole glucosinolates, mainly 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, in rape seed cv. Lisek. The splitting of the total sulfur rate into two rates (fall + spring) caused a higher increase in the concentrations of gluconapin, progoitrin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than a single rate application in the spring.

Stefania Jezierska-Tys, Magdalena Frąc

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION WITH DAIRY SEWAGE SLUDGE SANITISED WITH COAL FLY ASH ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN GREY-BROWN PODZOLIC SOIL

Key words: dairy sewage sludge, microbiological activity, microorganisms, soil.

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The aim of the study was to determine how dairy sewage sludge (DSS) sanitised with coal fly ash affected microbiological properties of soil and level of heavy metals in soil. The experiment was performed under laboratory conditions (pot experiment). The experiment was carried out on grey-brown podzolic soil, formed from heavy loamy sand, of acidic reaction. Pots were filled with 4 kg of soil. The investigations were performed in three replications. Two rates of dairy sewage sludge fertilization: 1 and 2.5% DSS kg^-1 of soil were applied. The soil in pots was watered to 60% of the total water capacity and incubated for 4 months. Analyses included assays of the total number of bacteria and fungi, number of cellulolytic bacteria, respiration and dehydrogenase activity and concentration of heavy metals. It was confirmed that dairy sewage sludge had a significant effect on properties of soil. It positively affected microbiological activity of soil. The test doses (1; 2.5% kg^-1) of dairy sewage sludge sanitised with lignite ash caused stimulation of the growth of bacteria and fungi in soil. Dairy sewage sludge had an inhibiting effect on the dehydrogenase activity and stimulated the respiratory activity in the soil under study. The incorporation of dairy sewage sludge caused a non-significant increase of heavy metal content in soil, which was much lower than the norms.

Jolanta Joniec, Jadwiga Furczak

COUNTS AND ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS PARTICIPATING IN NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOIL, FOUR YEARS AFTER APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

Key words: municipal-industrial sewage sludge, podzolic soil, microbiological transformations of nitrogen, content N-NH₄ and N-NO₃.

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The objective of the study was to determine the direction, intensity and duration of changes in abundance and activity of certain microbial groups active in nitrogen transformations in soil subjected to a 4-year fertilization treatment with municipal and industrial sewage sludge. The study was conducted on podzolic soil, whose accumulation horizon had been fertilized in 1998 with fermented sewage sludge at doses of 30 Mg ha^-1(1%), 75 Mg ha^-1(2.5%), 150 Mg ha^-1(5%), 300 Mg ha^-1(10%) and 600 Mg ha-1(20%) and planted with willow (Salix viminalis L.). Four years after the application of sludge, microbiological and biochemical analyses were made in two soil horizons (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm). It was found that in the soil from the 0-20 cm depth significant stimulation of the growth of proteolytic fungi and bacteria continued, but only under the effect of the highest dose of sludge. Moreover, there was a notable stimulation of protease activity and nitrification process alongside a slight inhibition of ammonification. In the soil from the 20-40 cm layer stimulation of the growth of protein-decomposing fungi was observed as well as that of proteolytic and nitrification activity of soil, while ammonification was inhibited. However, the effect of sludge was generally less pronounced in the deeper soil layer than in the surface soil horizon.

Józef Koc, Małgorzata Rafałowska, Andrzej Skwierawski

CHANGES IN MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD IN RUNOFF WATER FROM NITRATE VULNERABLE ZONES

Key words: magnesium, load, nitrate vulnerable zone, agricultural sources.

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The objective of this study was to investigate magnesium concentrations and load, and to determine their seasonal changes in runoff water from catchments classified as nitrate vulnerable zones. The results indicate that the average concentrations of 12.2 mg Mg×dm^-3, with fluctuations within the range of 3.3 to 26.2 mg×dm^-3, and average annual load of 14.3 kg Mg×ha^-1×year^-1, with fluctuations within the range of 4.8 to 41.6 kg Mg×ha^-1×year^-1, in runoff water from agricultural areas are determined by weather conditions (season), type of drainage system (ditches, drains) and fertilization intensity. In comparison with land drained by a network of drainage ditches, intensive farming in drained areas increases magnesium loss 2.5-fold from 10 kg per hectare of semi-intensively farmed area to 25 kg Mg×ha^-1 in an intensively farmed area. The highest magnesium loss was reported in the non-growing season, and around 46% of total magnesium load was leached out in the winter. The magnesium loss was minimized during harsh winters and summer draughts (to around 1.2 kg Mg×ha^-1×year^-1) due to a seasonal absence of runoffs.

Joanna Kostecka, Janina Kaniuczak

VERMICOMPOSTING OF DUCKWEED (LEMNA MINOR L.) BIOMASS BY EISENIA FETIDA (SAV.) EARTHWORM

Key words: Eisenia fetida (Sav.), duckweed Lemna minor L., vermicompost, chemical composition.

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This work presents the dynamics of E. fetida (Sav.) earthworm populations during vermicomposting of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) biomass in small containers, and provides properties of the vermicomposts produced. An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions (in darkness, at an average temperature 25±5^oC, with substrate moisture 70-75%). Test pots (3 replications for each duckweed treatment) were filled with one litre of garden soil, into which 100 individuals of E.fetida, of known biomass, were introduced per pot. Duckweed was fed to earthworms regularly, in two treatments: (1)  duckweed + + cattle manure (1:1), and (2)  duckweed only. Earthworm number and biomass of tested populations were determined after 4 months of vermicomposting, and it was found that an average number of E.fetida in containers with duckweed and manure was 121±5 ind./container with a total biomass of 25.8±1.1 g. Populations in pure duckweed were significantly smaller (p<0.05), with 57±6 ind./container and a total biomass of 9.8±1 g. Cocoon production was also different across treatments. Populations in duckweed alone produced 55±13 cocoons /per container, significantly less (p<0.05) than the 231±37 cocoones when manure was added. Duckweed vermicomposts were odourless and had good granular structure. Chemical characteristics of both vermicompost types (with or without a manure supplement) were desirable. Content of macroelements in duckweed vermicomposts was high, whereas microelements, cadmium and lead were within the permitted levels, making these vermicomposts extremely useful in environmental reclamation, including agriculture. The manure addition was important for characteristics and chemical content of duckweed vermicomposts. The vermicomposts produced from duckweed and manure contained more ash, N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb.

Sławomir Krzebietke

RESPONSE OF BUTTER LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.) TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS WITH CHLORINE AND SULPHATES

Key words: Lactuca sativa L., macroelements, N-NO₃, nitrogen fertilizers.

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The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of nutrients (different doses of chlorine, sulphates and calcium as well as different forms of nitrogen fertilizers: Ca(NO₃)₂+NH₄NO₃, NH₄NO₃, NH₄NO₃ + CaCl₂, NaNO₃) on yield and content of N-NO₃, Nog., P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in butter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Vilmorin. A pot experiment with four replications was repeated three times in 2007 (from 30th January and from 30^th March) and in 2008 (from 31^st March). It was established in the ‘Plant House’ of the Chair of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Protection UWM in Olsztyn. Lettuce seedlings were planted into pots containing 2 dm3 substratum. Nitrogen was applied three times, every 10 days, each dose consisting of 100 mg N dm^-3 of substratum applied to soil; identical doses of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium were introduced to the substratum before planting lettuce. Irradiation period was 12 hours every day. Lettuce was harvested after 6 weeks. Determinations of N_og. (Kjedahl’s method), P (vanadium-molybdenum method), K, Ca, Na (flame photometry – ESA), Mg (atomic absorption spectrophometry – ASA) were performed having wet mineralised plant samples in H₂SO₄. Concentration of nitrates(V) was determined in fresh matter (potentiometrically, using a ion-selective electrode) in a 0.03 mol.dm^-3 CH₃COOH according to Nowosielski (1988). The smallest number of lettuce heads (statistically significant) was obtained after NaNO₃ fertilization. The concentration of N-NO₃ declined advantageously following an NaNO₃ treatment. In contrast, the highest accumulation of nitrates(V) occurred after application of lime saltpetre in conjunction with ammonium nitrate. The composition of minerals in butter lettuce cv. Vilmorin, such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sodium, was more beneficially affected by fertilization with sulphate compounds (K₂SO₄ + MgSO₄) rather than chlorine compounds (KCl+MgCl₂). Soda nitre significantly depressed the content of magnesium and calcium in plants, had no effect on the concentration of phosphorus and increased accumulation of sodium and potassium.

Marzenna Olszewska, Stefan Grzegorczyk

EFFECT OF MANGANESE DEFICIENCY ON GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERS, LEAF GREENNESS (SPAD) AND YIELD OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.)

AND ORCHARD GRASS (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)

Key words: manganese deficiency, perennial ryegrass, orchard grass, photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf greenness (SPAD), yield.

Full text – pdf.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of manganese deficiency in soil on the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, water use efficiency, leaf greenness and the yield of selected cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). During the growing season, the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration was measured using a LI-COR 6400 gas analyzer (Portable Photosynthesis System), and leaf greenness was estimated with a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated based on instantaneous values of photosynthesis and transpiration. Dry matter yield was determined by green matter drying to constant weight at 105ºC. The results of the study indicate that the response of grasses to manganese deficiency in soil was dependent on plant species and cultivar. In the present experiment perennial ryegrass cultivars showed a stronger response to manganese deficit than orchard grass cultivars. Their response involved a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, and in the chlorophyll content of leaves. Among the tested cultivars, perennial ryegrass cv. Maja was found to be most sensitive to manganese deficiency in soil, as confirmed by the highest decrease in the values of all examined parameters.

Marzenna Olszewska, Stefan Grzegorczyk, Jacek Alberski, Anna Bałuch-Małecka, Adam Kozikowski

EFFECT OF COPPER DEFICIENCY ON GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERS, LEAF GREENNESS (SPAD) AND YIELD OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.)

AND ORCHARD GRASS (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)

Key words: copper deficiency, perennial ryegrass, orchard grass, photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf greenness (SPAD), yield.

Full text – pdf.

Copper is essential for the growth and development of plants. This micronutrient affects chlorophyll content, photosynthesis process and water relations in the plant. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of copper deficiency in soil on the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, water use efficiency, leaf greenness and the yield of selected cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). During the growing season, the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration was measured using a LI-COR 6400 gas analyzer (Portable Photosynthesis System), and leaf greenness was estimated with a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated based on instantaneous values of photosynthesis and transpiration. Dry matter yield was determined by green matter drying to constant weight at 105ºC. The results of the study indicate that copper deficiency significantly decreased the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, chlorophyll concentration in leaves and the yield of all investigated cultivars. Perennial ryegrass cv. Maja was found to be most resistant to copper deficiency – it was characterized by a high rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, and by the highest chlorophyll content. The yield of cv. Maja attained under copper deficit conditions was comparable to that of other cultivars grown under control conditions.

Wojciech Orzepowski, Krzysztof Pulikowski

MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CONTENT IN GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER IN ARABLE LANDS IN THE COMMUNE (GMINA) OF KĄTY WROCŁAWSKIE

Key words: water, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium.

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This paper discusses some aspects of the research conducted in the hydrological years 2000/2001-2002/2003 on arable areas around several small water bodies located on the outskirts of villages in the commune of Kąty Wrocławskie. The aim of the paper was to assess the content of selected chemical elements in the groundwater and small water bodies. The water bodies included in the research appeared a few decades ago as a result of human activity; in Zybiszów and Bliż they are small post-mine water bodies, whereas in Smolec and Rybnica they are ponds filling former clay excavation sites. Their surface ranges widely between 0.05 and 2.2 ha, while the average depth reaches 1.2 to 3.5 m. Since no flows come to these water bodies, they are fed only by ground and rain water. In the research period the water level of the bodies fluctuated between 3 and 40 cm, while the maximum changes in the groundwater level were above 1 m. The examined waters contained elevated levels of elements, the fact which is directly related to the kind of soils in the region. Another factor affecting the content of elements is whether or not soils are used agriculturally. It has been observed that arable areas are distinguished by positive correlation of magnesium, potassium and sodium concentrations in ground and surface waters. Increased content of these elements in Rybnica suggests that the waters receive pollutants from nearby houses. In the groundwater examined the ratio of calcium and magnesium concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 6.9, whereas in the surface water it varied from 1.2 to 5.1. Values below 3 were obtained for both types of water only in Rybnica, which proves the influx of sewage from households.

Urszula Sienkiewicz-Cholewa

EFFECT OF FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATION OF COPPER ON THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF WINTER RAPESEED YIELDS

Key words: rape, copper, fertilization, yield of seeds, oil content.

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In Poland nearly 40% of land under agricultural use is characterised by a progressing deficit of copper available to plants. Inventory studies revealed that 25% of rapeseed plantations are undernourished with this component. The objective of the study was to estimate the yield-forming effects of foliar and soil fertilisation of rapeseed with copper, to identify the optimum dose of Cu for the crop species, and to compare the effects of the two methods of application on the quality of the seeds. The study comprised two three-year strict field experiments, in which pre-sowing fertilisation of rapeseed with copper was applied at rates of 4, 8 and 12 kg Cu×ha^-1, as well as foliar spraying at the optimum dose of 250 Cu g×ha^-1 in the phase of closed bud. The experiments were set up on light soils of acid and light acid reaction and with a low or medium content of available copper. Significant increases in rapeseed yields, compared to the control treatment (without Cu), were obtained in treatments fertilised to the soil with doses of 8 and 12 kg Cu×ha^-1 and in the treatment with foliar spraying. In plants from treatments without copper fertilisation, insufficient levels of the content of this component were found. Sufficient copper nutrition of plants caused a significant increase in yields of rape seeds. In some of the treatments, there was a tendency for the copper content in seeds to increase favourably, especially in the case of foliar application and of the higher copper doses applied to the soil. Also, some cases of increased oil content in seeds were recorded, even by several percent compared to seeds from treatments without Cu fertilisation. With the existing copper deficit in soils in Poland, fertilisation of rapeseed with this component appears to be crucial.

Mirosław Skorbiłowicz, Elżbieta Skorbiłowicz

QUALITY OF WELL WATERS IN CONTEXT OF THE CONTENT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN THE UPPER NAREW RIVER VALLEY

Keywords: well, nitrates, phosphates.

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The paper dealt with the evaluation of concentration and spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus forms in dug wells in selected farms in the upper Narew River valley. The study was also aimed at assessing the influence of selected elements of a farm on quality of well water. Examinations were carried out in 8 villages in Podlasie region. Three farm dug wells were selected for examination in each village. All wells take water from the first water-carrying level. The study included well waters within the section of the Narew River from the villages Sobótka to Złotoria. The checkpoints were set in: Sobótka, Narew, Ciełuszki, Kaniuki, Zawyki, Uhowo, Topilec, and Złotoria localized along the Narew and its adjacent lands. Water samples were collected in spring, summer and autumn 2006. Ammonia, nitrates(III), nitrates(V), and phosphates were determined in water samples filtered through micropore filters (d = 0.45 µm) by means of colorimetry applying a spectrometer HACH (DR-2000). Parameters of the analytical procedures were adjusted in accordance to the Decree of Minister for Environment (2004). In total, 288 determinations in three series were made. For each of the three wells from every village, the arithmetic means of the analyzed parameters were calculated on the basis of samples collected on three dates. The assessment of underground water quality was made according to the Decree of Minister for Environment of 11 February 2004 on on surface and underground water status, screening performance, interpretation and presentation of the status of such waters. In addition, the Decree of the Minister for Health of 29 March 2007 (Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia, 2007) was referred to. The results were compared to concentrations of forms of particular components (N-NH₄, N-NO₂, N-NO₃) included in the Decree of the Minister for Environment (2004) and the Decree of the Minister for Health (2007) in order to designate water quality classes and principal chemical requirements to the well waters examined. The study revealed that the analyzed waters did not meet standards set for potable water due to exceeding permissible values for ammonia and nitrates(V) concentrations. The distance of a well from the nearest farm buildings affected ammonia concentration in well water.

Andrzej Skwierawski, Katarzyna Sobczyńska-Wójcik, Małgorzata Rafałowska

PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE INTENSITY

Key words: phosphorus, migration of biogenic substances, water flow, agricultural catchments, biogeochemical barriers.

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The study was carried out in the hydrologic year 2006 and comprised two small agricultural catchments in the Masurian Lakeland. Both catchments possessed very large water retention potential (presence of buffer zones and surface waters in the catchments) but they differed in the intensity of agricultural production. The study has demonstrated that the concentration of phosphorus in the surface waters flowing from the catchments ranged from 0.12 to 0.43 mg dm^-3. The catchments were characterised by low indices of water overland flow (0.32-1.67 dm³ s^-1 km^-2), which was a decisive factor shaping the runoff of phosphorus (from 0.013 to 0.060 kg ha^-1 year^-1. A subcatchment dewatered by a pipe drain system, which was used for comparison, had a water flow of 3.54 dm³ s^-1 km^-2 and exported much more phosphorus with its surface waters (0.39 kg ha^-1 year^-1). The results obtained during our study emphasise an important role played by small landscape water retention elements in both catchments and the efficiency of buffer zones at a contact of water bodies and fields in reducing the runoff of biogenic substances, especially when agricultural production carried out on a given catchment is intensive.

Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL REACTION ON THE EFFECTS OF MOLYBDENUM FOLIAR FERTILIZATION OF OILSEED RAPE

Key words: Mo doses, time of application, yield increase, soil pH.

Full text - pdf.

Thirty-three field trials have been carried out on soils of different acidity (pH = 4.1-7.1) to investigate the effect of foliar fertilization with molybdenum on oilseed rape. Three rates of the element: 30, 60 and 120 g Mo ha^-1, were applied on two dates: in the spring, a few days after the growing season started, and during the early stem formation stage. In the group of trials on very acidic and acidic soils, seed yields were on average 0.08 t ha^-1 higher. The regression equation demonstrated that a relative seed yield increase obtained as a result of molybdenum fertilization depended on the concentration of manganese and percentage of the silt fraction in the soil. Oilseed rape grown on slightly acidic and neutral soils responded to molybdenum fertilization with an average seed yield increase of 0.02 t ha^-1. The rate of molybdenum had a significant effect on rape yields only in the group of trials set up on slightly acidic and neutral soils. No significant difference was found between 60 and 120 g Mo ha^-1. However, both of these rates were more effective than the lowest dose of 30 g Mo ha^-1. No evidence was found to support any relationship between the date of molybdenum application and seed yields or any interaction between Mo rates and application dates in either group of the trials.

Mariusz Stolarski

CONTENT OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND SULPHUR IN BIOMASS OF SOME SHRUB WILLOW SPECIES

Key words: shrub willow, productivity, biomass, carbon, hydrogen, sulphur.

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Carbon, hydrogen and sulphur were determined in biomass (shoots and roots) of five species of shrub willow: Salix viminalis, Salix dasyclados, Salix triandra, Salix purpurea and Salix alba. Samples of the biomass collected from a strict experiment were dried to constant weight at 105ºC. The content of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur was determined in an automatic determinator ELTRA CHS 500. In addition to the chemical determinations, willow plants were assessed, in the first year of cultivation, in terms of their morphological traits and yields. The results underwent statistical analysis using Excel spreadsheets and Statistica PL software programme. An average content of carbon in the biomass of the five analysed willow species was 496.33 g kg^-1 d.m. Among the five species, the highest carbon content was discovered in the biomass of Salix purpurea (501.32 g kg^-1 d.m.). An average content of hydrogen in aerial parts of shrub willow was significantly higher than in their roots (507.95 vs 465.88 kg^-1 d.m.). The content of hydrogen in all the species of shrub willow was on average 71.11 g kg^-1 d.m., with the highest hydrogen amount in biomass attributed to Salix triandra (74.98 g kg^-1 d.m.). This species, on the other hand, had the lowest concentration of sulphur in its biomass (on average 0.43 g kg^-1 d.m.). The average content of sulphur in aerial parts was significantly lower than in roots of willow plants (0.52 vs 0.95 g kg^-1 d.m.). This relationship held true for all the five species of willow plants. An average yield of dry biomass obtained from the five shrub willow species in the year when the experiment was established was 5.81 Mg ha^-1. The highest dry biomass yield was produced by Salix viminalis (7.22 Mg ha^-1).

Agata Szymańska-Pulikowska

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE GROUNDWATER IN AREAS NEAR THE MAŚLICE MUNICIPAL REFUSE DUMP IN WROCŁAW

Key words: municipal refuse dump, groundwater, leakage waters, sodium, potassium.

Full text - pdf.

Sodium and potassium are alkaline metals commonly occurring in natural environment. In clean groundwater their content usually does not exceed the value of 100 mg dm^-3 (Na) and 90 mg dm^-3 (K). Leakage waters of unsealed or improperly sealed refuse dumps constitute a potential grave source of water environment contamination. In the initial years of refuse dumping the leakage may contain up to 2,500 mg dm^-3 of sodium and up to 3,100 mg×dm^-3 of potassium. The leakage from “old” dumps contains up to 3,700 mg dm^-3 sodium and up to 1,580 mg dm^-3 potassium. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the character and the dynamics of the changes in sodium and potassium concentrations in the leakage waters of the Maślice Refuse Dump in Wrocław and in the groundwater in the adjacent areas. Since sand-gravel deposits lie in the base of the dump and the groundwater level is fairly high, contact occurs between the groundwater and the dumped waste as well as contamination transfer. Only part of the dump has a sealing and a drainage carrying the leakage to a tank. In the late 1990s the exploitation of the dump was terminated and rehabilitation started with a view to limiting the access of the water to the refuse dump. The paper presented the results of the research covering the period from 1995 to 2007 on sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming to the dump, in the dump leakage and in the groundwater coming out of the dump. The research has shown that both the concentrations and the proportions between sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming to the dump stayed within the natural ranges, exceeding them only in 2000-2001. The leakage, despite closing and rehabilitating the dump, was still characterized by fairly high and balanced concentrations of the analyzed elements. Also sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming out of the dump were high and balanced, which proves a continuous inflow of pollution through the unsealed base of the facility.

Martyna Śnioszek, Arkadiusz Telesiński, Daniel Musik, Helena Zakrzewska

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE CONTENT IN SHEEP MANDIBLES FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN SZCZECIN ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL AGE AND TIME OF BEING DEPOSITED IN SOIL

Key words: fluoride, fossil bones, mandibles, sheep.

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Bones can be a very good marker of environmental contamination by fluoride. Bones in a living organism have a different composition than in a dead one. As a result of adsorption from soil, bones from archeological excavations usually have more fluoride than those in a living body, and a significant portion of the fluorides they contain are acquired after death. This paper presents the results of a studies on fluoride content of sheep mandibles from archeological excavation sites in Szczecin. An attempt was undertaken to define how the chronological age of the bones and the time they had been lying in soil affected the bones. The material consisted of sheep mandibles from several excavations sites: Szczecin Mścięcino, Szczecin Rynek Warzywny, and Szczecin Zamek Książąt Pomorskich (Szczecin Castle of Pomeranian Dukes). Cultural layers in these excavations were mostly formed from humus and humus with sand and clay. The fluoride content was determined by an ion-selective electrode with the pH/mV Orion 920A. Fluoride content was determined in 270 mandibles, which were classified into sheep age categories and according to the archeological age of the bones. The individual and archeological age of the sheep bones was determined by archeologists during the initial tests of the bones. A comparative evaluation of the significance of differences in the average fluoride content in the bones was performed by means of a single factor analysis of the orthogonal variance. The least significant differences were estimated by Tukey’s test. The results show that the fluoride content depends on the individual age of animals and the chronological age of bones. The fluoride content of the sheep mandibles increased along with the individual age of the animals. Moreover, chronologically younger bones contained significantly less fluoride than older ones. In the sheep mandibles which lay longer in soil, the fluoride content tended to increase with the chronological age, while in chronologically youngest bones the tendency was reverse.

Aleksandra Duda-Chodak, Urszula Błaszczyk

THE IMPACT OF NICKEL ON HUMAN HEALTH

Key words: nickel, sources of nickel, exposure, toxicity, carcinogenesis, human.

Full text – pdf.

In 2008, nickel received the shameful name of the “Allergen of the Year.” According to dermatologists the frequency of nickel allergies is still growing, and it cannot be explained only by fashionable piercing and nickel devices used in medicine (like coronary stents). Occupational exposure of several million workers worldwide has been shown to give rise to elevated levels of nickel in blood, urine and body tissues. In these cases, workers are exposed to airborne fumes and dusts containing nickel and its compounds and therefore inhalation is the main route of uptake. Nonoccupational sources of nickel exposure for the general population include mainly drinking water and food. Recently, tests of kitchen kettles showed substantial leaching of nickel into drinking water when boiled in kettles with exposed nickel-plated elements. Three types of adverse health impacts as a result of exposure to nickel are discussed in the text. Acute health effects generally result from short-term exposure to high concentrations of pollutants. Chronic noncancer health effects may result from long-term exposure to relatively low concentrations of pollutants.  Inhalation of nickel also can cause cancer of the lungs, nose and sinuses. Cancers of the throat and stomach have also been attributed to inhalation of nickel. However, the exact mechanism by which nickel causes cancer is still questionable and needs further investigation. The most popular hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are presented in the text.

VOLUME 13 - NUMBER 3 - SEPTEMBER 2008

Bożena Barczak

CONTENTS AND RATIOS OF MINERAL COMPONENTS IN WINTER BARLEY BIOMASS CULTIVATED UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

Key words: winter barley, maturity stages, nitrogen, fertilization, macroelements.

Full text – pdf.

In 1999-2002, a strict two-factor field experiment was conducted at the University of Technology and Agriculture in Bydgoszcz to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen doses on the content and mutual ratios of macro-elements in green mass of winter barley in relation to barley growth stage. The experiment was established at the Research Station in Wierzchucinek near Bydgoszcz. The plant material consisted of samples of winter barley biomass taken at five stages of maturity: tillering, shooting (stem elongation), heading, initial grain filling and soft dough phases. The following nitrogen doses in kg×ha^-1 were applied as ammonium nitrate: 0, 60, 120, 180. The results showed that the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in winter barley vegetative mass decreased in the consecutive phenological phases, from tillering to soft dough. The largest decrease in the consecutive growth stages was detected for nitrogen and magnesium. With respect to nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sodium, their decrease in winter barley biomass during the growing season was generally higher in objects fertilised with nitrogen than in objects with no nitrogen fertilisation. In general, nitrogen had a positive effect on the content of the assayed macroelements in winter barley vegetative mass in all the growth phases. The ratio of the total content of nitrogen cations was observed to have attained the highest values in the later plant growth phases in the objects with no nitrogen or those fertilised with 60 kg N ha^-1.

Wiesław Bednarek, Renata Reszka

INFLUENCE OF LIMING AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON THE CONTENT

OF MINERAL NITROGEN IN SOIL

Key words: nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, liming, soil.

Full text – pdf.

Nitrogen is a key factor which shapes the fertility and fecundity of soils. Liming and mineral fertilization significantly modify transformations of nitrogen compounds in soil.  The aim of our experiment was to evaluate the influence of liming and ammonium sulphate or calcium nitrate fertilization on the content of total nitrogen and its mineral forms in soil. The study was based on chemical analysis of the soil material obtained from a two-year pot experiment. The design of the experiment comprised 9 treatments in 4 replications on acidic soil and an analogous number of trials on limed soil. The experimental factors were: liming (acidic soil, limed soil), fertilization with ammonium or nitrate nitrogen at two levels (N1, N2) as well as fertilization with phosphorus at two levels (P1, P2). Liming was applied only once, before setting the experiment. The mineral fertilizers were applied every year before plant sowing in the form of fertilizers: ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and triple granulated superphosphate. The test plant was spring barley, which was harvested at its full ripeness. The results indicated that the biggest influence on the N-NH₄ content was produced by liming and fertilization with nitrogen. The application of calcium carbonate as well as calcium nitrate led to a decrease in the ammonium nitrogen content in soil. The content of nitrate nitrogen was higher in objects fertilized with calcium nitrate than in those fertilized with ammonium sulphate. Liming and nitrogen fertilization had the largest effect on the formation of mineral nitrogen content in soil. Liming contributed to decreased mineral nitrogen amounts in soil. A reverse situation was observed after increasing the rates of fertilization. The application of calcium carbonate and nitrate form of nitrogen contributed to a decrease in the total nitrogen content in soil. This fact can be explained by increased yield of spring barley in the objects limed and fertilized with calcium nitrate compared with the barley yield in the non-limed and ammonium sulphate fertilized trials.

Zbigniew Dobrzański, Mariusz Korczyński, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Henryk Górecki,  Sebastian Opaliński

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FORMS OF COPPER, MANGANESE AND IRON ON BIOACCUMULATION OF THESE METALS AND ZINC IN LAYING HENS

Key words: copper, iron, manganese, zinc, hen egg, blood, feathers.

Full text – pdf.

The paper presents results of research concerning an assessment of bioaccumulation of copper, manganese and zinc in Lohmann Brown layer hens (5 groups of 12 hens in each). Using ICP-MS method the concentration of these elements was determined in the content and shell of eggs, whole blood and in feathers of hens. Feeding was based on all-mash feed mixture J-297 type with a content of Cu – 21.8, Fe – 200.8, Mn 140.5 mg×kg^-1, but in particular groups the contribution of organic and inorganic forms of these 3 microelements was different. Content of Zn in the mixture was 86 mg×kg^-1 (zinc oxide). Microelements in the amounts of: Cu – 10, Fe – 40 and Mn – 80 mg×kg^-1 were separately introduced to the control and to the test mixtures by using special premixes. In the control version, inorganic forms of these elements were used in a premix (copper sulfate, iron sulfate and manganese oxide), while in the experimental version they appeared in the organic form, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts enriched with the three elements. In the experimental mixtures the contribution of organic forms of microelements was for Cu – 47, Fe – 20 and Mn – 58%. Content of the premix in a mixture was 0.5%. Yeasts contained: Fe – 33.9, Mn – 35.4, and Cu – 22.7 mg×kg^-1 d.m. Content of yeasts in the mixtures did not exceed 0.4%. Application of organic forms of copper caused a significant increase in copper concentration in the egg content and shell, in blood and in feathers in the group receiving organic-Cu, which proves better availability of copper from organic forms compared to copper sulfate. Introduction of organic forms of iron and manganese to feed did not cause any significant changes in the content of these metals in eggs, blood and feathers of hens, except the organic-Mn group (the level of Mn in feathers was significantly higher in feathers compared to the control group). Organic forms of copper, manganese and iron did not result in any interactions with respect to Zn although an antagonistic influence of Cu (organic-Cu group) and synergistic of Mn (organic-Mn group) in the egg content was observed.

Marek Gugała, Krystyna Zarzecka

EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL OPERATIONS AND TILLAGE SIMPLIFICATIONS ON IRON CONTENT AND UPTAKE WITH POTATO TUBER YIELD

Key words: potato, iron, content, uptake.

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Potato tubers obtained from a field experiment carried out in 2002-2004 were used for our analysis. The soil grain-size structure was that of light loamy sand. Two soil tillage systems were compared: conventional (ploughing + fall ploughing + harrowing + cultivating + harrowing) and simplified (reversing ploughing + cultivating). The second factor involved seven weeding methods such as application of the following herbicides: Plateen 41.5 WG, Plateen 41.5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Plateen 41.5 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + Atpolan 80 EC, Barox 460 SL, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Barox 460 SL + Fusilade Forte 150 EC + Atpolan 80 EC. Iron content and uptake with tuber yield significantly depended on the tillage practices and weeding methods as well as the weather conditions over the growing period. Conventionally tilled potato tubers had more iron,
65.80 g×kg^-1 on average, than the tubers whose cultivation was based on simplified tillage, 64.82 g×kg^-1 on average. The herbicides applied significantly increased the iron content and its uptake with tuber yield by an average 4.2 and 13.8%, respectively.

Józef Koc, Katarzyna Sobczyńska-Wójcik, Andrzej Skwierawski

Magnesium concentrations in the waters of re-naturised reservoirs in rural areas*

Key words: re-naturisation of water reservoirs, magnesium concentrations,
                   non-flow--through reservoirs.

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The objective of the study has been to determine magnesium concentrations and their seasonal changes in waters of re-naturised reservoirs situated in a rural area, 25 years after their re-creation. The study included 3 small, non-flow-through reservoirs, situated close to the village of Sętal, in the commune of Dywity. Water samples for analysis were collected once a month in 2005 and 2006. They were examined in respect of the magnesium level and such physicochemical parameters as temperature, pH, oxygenation, dissolved oxygen, electrolyte conduction and water depth. The results prove that the environment of the surface waters in this area is poor in magnesium (5.2 mg×dm-3 - 6.6 mg×dm^-3 on average), which is characteristic for postglacial regions. The re-created water reservoirs can be listed in water quality class I in terms of their magnesium content. The waters of these small re-created lakes were characterised by huge seasonal changes of magnesium concentrations. However, the fluctuations of Mg⁺² concentrations were often larger within particular sites than between the examined reservoirs. The highest average seasonal magnesium concentration of 6.6 mg.dm^-3, varying from 3.9 mg×dm^-3 to 10.0 mg×dm^-3, was determined in the waters of a reservoir whose whole catchment had for many years been used for agriculture. The lowest magnesium concentrations in the waters of the reservoirs occurred in springtime, with a slight increase in early summer and an equally slight decline afterwards. No significant increase in magnesium amounts was found until autumn, before they reached their peaks in wintertime. Such a course of fluctuations was caused by the maximum magnesium biosorption in spring and releasing internal reserves (green matter and bottom deposits) of the reservoirs in autumn and winter. Decrease and increase in the Mg⁺² ion concentration in the waters of the reservoirs occurred in two ‘pulses’: in the springtime and wintertime, respectively.

Roman Kolczarek, Grażyna Anna Ciepiela, Jolanta Jankowska, Joanna Jodełka

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE CONTENT OF MACROLEMENTS (K, Na) IN MEADOW SWARD.

 PART I.

Key words: meadow sward, nitrogen dose, mineral fertilization, foliar fertilization,
                   potassium, sodium.

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Present intensification of plant production rises a need to search for new solutions, such as novel fertilization technologies which reduce environmental pollution. The aim of this work has been to examine principles of rational fertilization of permanent meadows, including delivery of nitrogen doses applied in various forms. The investigations were led in the region of Siedlce in 1999-2001. Basic fertilization was applied once during the growing season, in spring, and consisted of N–60 kg×ha^-1, P–60 kg×ha^-1, K–60 kg×ha^-1 applied to soil. The fertilizers were used in two forms: multiple (Polifoska 15) [P] and a mix of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, potassium salt) [M]. Nitrogen fertilization of the second and third cuts was conduced as various foliar (20%, 30%, 40% urea solution) or soil (ammonium nitrate). The doses of nitrogen in respective variants were 27.6 kg×ha^-1 (N₁), 41.4 kg×ha^-1 (N₂) and 55.2 kg×ha^-1 (N₃). Every year three cuts for determination of potassium and sodium were collected. Fertilization of the experimental objects with the multiple fertilizer resulted in increasing plants’ potassium content whereas the mixture of fertilizers increased the quantity of sodium in plants. Foliar fertilization with nitrogen in the form of urea solution gave a higher increase in the plants’ content of potassium and sodium than fertilization to roots with ammonium nitrate (independently on the basic fertilization). By analysing the content of potassium in plants in dependence of the doses as well as the kind of supplementary nitrogen fertilization, it has been verified that most of this component was determined in plants treated with foliar fertilization consisting of 55.2 kg N×ha^-1 (N₃), the lowest potassium concentration occurred in plants receiving foliar fertilization with dose 41.4 kg N×ha^-1 (N₂). The analysis of the sodium content in plants in dependence of the doses and type of supplementary nitrogen fertilization showed that most potassium was in plants produced on the plots receiving foliar fertilization with a nitrogen dose of 27.6 kg×ha^-1 (N₁), and the least potassium was determined in plants nourished with 41.4 kg N×ha^-1 (N₂) applied to soil.

Roman Kolczarek, Grażyna Anna Ciepiela, Jolanta Jankowska, Joanna Jodełka

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE CONTENT OF MACROLEMENTS (Ca, Mg) IN MEADOW SWARD.
PART II.

Key words: meadow sward, nitrogen dose, mineral fertilization, foliar fertilization, calcium.
                   magnesium.

Full text – pdf.

Foliar fertilization is not a new application method, especially with respect to field crops. However, little information is available regarding foliar fertilization of grasses. This paper contains a presentation of guidelines for rational fertilization of permanent meadow through delivery of nitrogen doses applied in various forms. The study was conducted near Siedlce in 1999-2001. Basic fertilization was applied once in the growing period, in the spring, introducing to the soil the following quantities of nutrients: N–60 kg×ha^-1, P–60 kg×ha^-1, K–60 kg×ha^-1. The fertilizers were used in two forms: multiple (Polifoska 15) [P] and a mix of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, superphosfate, potasic salt) [M]. Under the second and third cut of grass, additional nitrogen nutrition was applied on the experiment plots, as foliar or soil fertilization treatments. The following nitrogen doses were used (in kg×ha^-1): 27.6 (N1), 41.4 (N₂), 55.2 (N₃). Every year, three cuts were collected for determination of the content of calcium and magnesium. The fertilization variants modified the content of calcium in sward. The concentration of calcium increased from 8.4 to 9.0 g kg^-1 d.m. only under the influence of increasing doses of nitrogen applied in the liquid form against the background of the multiple fertilizer. While analysing the content of calcium in plants in dependence of the applied doses and method of supplementary nitrogen fertilization, it was found out that most calcium was in plants from plots foliar fertilized with a nitrogen dose of 55.2 kg×ha^-1 (N₃). The lowest calcium level was in grass fertilized with 41.4 kg N×ha^-1 (N₂) applied to soil. The content of magnesium in sward was high: on average 3.0 g×kg^-1 d.m. in grass fertilized with the multiple fertilizer and 3.1 g×kg^-1 d.m. in grass receiving a mixture of single-component fertilizers.

Jan Kucharski, Jadwiga Wyszkowska

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH THE HERBICIDE APYROS 75 WG

Key words: Apyros 75 WG, herbicide, activity of enzymes, soil microorganisms.

Full text – pdf.

The objective of the study has been to determine the effect of the herbicide Apyros 75 WG on counts of various aerobic microorganisms, activity of soil enzymes and yields of spring wheat. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Samples of soil used for the trials represented loamy sand. Having mixed the soil samples with mineral fertilizers, doses of the herbicide were added and the soil was placed in plastic pots. The lowest herbicide dose was the optimum dose recommended by the producer, and the two other doses were 10- and 100-fold higher. The experiment was conducted in two series: I – unsown soil, and II – soil under spring wheat. It has been determined that Apyros 75 WG disturbs soil’s homeostasis, as it disrupts multiplication of some microbial groups, inhibits the activity of soil enzymes and depresses the yield of spring wheat, even if applied in a recommended dose. Among the soil enzymes, dehydrogenases and urease were the least tolerant to the effect of the herbicide, whereas alkaline phosphatase proved to be the most tolerant one. The vulnerability of microorganisms to soil pollution with the herbicide can be arranged in the following decreasing order: ammonifying bacteria > Pseudomonas > copiotrophic bacteria > oligotrophic bacteria > nitrogen binding bacteria > spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria > Arthrobacter > cellulolytic bacteria > Actinomyces > fungi. Growing spring wheat had a positive effect on the counts of microorganisms and activity of soil enzymes.

Ewa Makarska, Daniela Gruszeczka, Bogusław Makarski

THE LEVELS OF CA, MG AND PHYTATE PHOSPHORUS PRESENT IN SOME X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK WITH AEGILOPS SP. HYBRIDS AND THEIR TRITICALE PARENTAL FORMS TRITICALE PARENTAL FORMS

Key words: X Triticosecale Wittmack, X Triticosecale Wittmack with Aegilops sp. hybrids,
                  phytate phosphorus, phytate complexes calcium and magnesium.

Full text – pdf.

The investigations aimed at the determination of total and phytate phosphorus content as well as concentration of Ca and Mg bound in the phytic acid complexes in hybrid kernels of triticale forms with Aegilops sp. and of triticale parental components. The research objects consisted of kernels of 4 strains, of which 2 had Aegilops sp. as a maternal form and triticale: Ae. crassa 4x x (Panda x Dańkowskie Złote) and Ae. juvenalis 6x x [(Lanca x L 506/79)x CZR 142/79] as a paternal form, whereas 2 other strains were obtained by reciprocal crossbreeding: [(Jana x Tempo) x Jana] x Ae. juvenalis 6x. The highest total phosphorus content occurred in triticale kernels of (Jana × Tempo) × Jana as well as in two hybrid strains created on the basis of this form (strains No 6 and 7); higher level was found in a strain of the previous generation. The percentage of phytic acid phosphorus in the total phosphorus contained in the kernels varied from 32.8 up to 69.4%. Among the parental components we compared, triticale (Lanca x L 506/79) x CZR 142/79 was characterized by the highest phytate phosphorus percentage in the total phosphorus, which was not confirmed in the hybrid kernels. The phytate Mg share in kernels of the hybrid strains appeared higher compared to the parental components, except no 5 cross combination Ae. juvenalis 6x x [(Lanca x L 506/79)x CZR 142/79]. As for Ca, the kernels of the strains were characterized by a lower content of this element in the phytate complexes compared with the parental forms. Among the strains analyzed, no 4, a cross-combination of Ae. Crassa 4x × (Panda × Dańkowskie Złote) and No 6 – [(Jana × Tempo) × Jana] × Ae. Juvenalis 6x, deserves special attention as its kernels contained higher Ca and Mg content, lower phytate phosphorus level and more advantageous Ca/P tot and Mg/P tot ratios.

Wojciech Sądej, Wiera Sądej, Robert Rozmysłowicz

SOIL CONCENTRATION OF C AND N SHAPED BY LONG-TERM UNIDIRECTIONAL FERTILIZATION VERSUS NOXIOUS SOIL MACROFAUNA

Key words: fertilization, soil macrofauna, polyphages, Agrotinae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae,
                  Tipulidae.

Full text – pdf.

Unidirectional fertilization, if applied for many years, has a strong and sometimes negative effect on soil and natural environment. Such fertilization can cause unfavourable processes including humus degradation, the leaching of nutrients (mainly nitrogen), soil erosion as well as accumulation of weed seeds, pathogens and plant pests. In the last ten years threats caused to agricultural habitats by noxious soil macrofauna, particularly polyphagous insects representing Agrotinae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae and Tipilidae, have become more explicit. Long-term unidirectional organic or mineral fertilization applied in a long-term static experiment established in 1972 on grey-brown pozdolic soil caused elevated concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil. The highest increase was observed when farmyard manure had been used. Unidirectional application of organic fertilizers in rates balanced for the amount of nitrogen added to soil (rate I of liquid manure and FYM), when carried out for many years, caused a significant increase in the density of soil macrofauna. Fertilization with liquid manure balanced with FYM in terms of organic carbon added to soil as well as with mineral fertilizers did not favour presence of macrofauna.

Agata Szymańska-Pulikowska

CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN UNDERGROUND WATERS AROUND A COMMUNAL WASTE DUMP

Key words: municipal waste dump, underground waters, dump effluents, calcium,
                     magnesium.

Full text – pdf.

Contaminations carried by effluents from communal waste dumps are a serious threat to underground waters. The effluents may contain solutes washed away by precipitation and also organic and mineral substances that arise during anaerobic and aerobic waste decomposition. Aside of substances that are known to be harmful to the human health (heavy metals), the effluents may contain a large number of common elements which are not regarded harmful at natural concentrations. In effluents from “young” dumps, where the waste undergoes acidic fermentation mainly, calcium concentration may exceed 3,000 mg×dm^-3 and that of magnesium reach 1,500 mg×dm^-3. Effluents from “old” dumps, where methane fermentation dominates, most often contain up to 400 mg×dm^-3 of calcium and 200 mg×dm^-3 magnesium. The aim of the work was to elucidtyate the character and dynamics of changes in concentration of the elements studied in effluents from a municipal waste dump at Maślice near the city of Wrocław, and in underground waters of the adjacent land. Deposition of waste in this area began in the late 1960s. The ground conditions provide for an easy contact between underground water and dumped waste, and transport of the washed-out pollutants. Only part of the dump has sealing and drainage that conducts the effluents to a reservoir, where samples for this study were taken. At the turn of 1999 and 2000 the utilization of the dump was terminated and its reclamation began. Thus, the slopes of the refuse heap were fortified with reinforced ground, the cap sealed with synthetic-mineral material, and from the side of underground water inflow a shield was made (in 2002) that reached down to the impermeable ground layer in order to stop the inflowing waters. In 2004 the reservoir for effluents was filled in. The results, presented in this report, on the content of calcium and magnesium in underground waters flowing into the dump did not show any other extra contamination. In dump effluents the relations between calcium and magnesium concentration remained on similar levels. Like for other dumps, in the first years of study calcium concentration prevailed, whereas effluents from older dumps contained greater amounts of magnesium. Increased contents of calcium and magnesium in underground waters flowing under the unsealed part of the dump indicated at continuous inflow of contaminations, that were not eliminated by the technical means applied during reclamation of the installation. Variations in the properties of waters flowing out of the dump depended mainly on the composition of the inflowing waters (max. concentrations occurred concurrently) and the amount of contaminants emitted into the ground from the dump (relations between mean contents of calcium and magnesium varied in them like in the dump effluents).

Arkadiusz Telesiński, Janina Nowak , Beata Smolik, Anna Dubowska, Natalia Skrzypiec

EFFECT OF SOIL SALINITY ON ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND CONTENT OF ASCORBIC ACID AND PHENOLS IN BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) PLANTS

Key words: salinity, oxidative stress, bean, flavonoids, phenols.

Full text – pdf.

Soil salinity is the one of the most important abiotic factors influencing the growth, development and yields of crops. However, it is difficult to determine exact concentrations of salt which cause soil salinity. Salinity threshold levels depend on a crop species, variety, developmental stage and environmental factors. This paper presents the results of an experiment on the effect of different soil concentrations of NaCl soil on several oxidation stress parameters, such as catalase and peoxidase activity, content of  ascorbic acid, phenols and flavonoids  in bean plants. A laboratory pot experiment was carried out on samples of light silty loam containing 1.2% of humus. Pots were filled with 1 kg soil samples each, to which NaCl solution was  added in doses 10, 30 and 50 mM kg^-1. Each pot was seeded with 7 seeds of cv. Aura bean. The plants grown in soil without NaCl were the control. On days 14, 21 and 28 green parts of plants were collected for determinations of catalase and peroxidase activity by colorometry as well as the content and flavonoids, phenols, ascorbic acid and chloride concentration by Mohr’s method. The results show that chloride concentration in bean plants increased at higher of NaCl concentration in soil. The activity of the antyoxidative enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase in bean plants, on sampling days, was higher as the chloride concentration in plants increased. Non-enzymatic antioxidants: flavonoids, phenols and ascorbic acid content during the experiment showed different changes with relation to the chloride content, but in all the trials ascorbic acid content was significantly positively correlated whereas the content of phenols was significantly negatively correlated with the chloride content in plant tissues.

Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Teresa Bowszys

EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS APPLIED TOGETHER WITH DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION LEVELS ON THE CONTENT AND ACCUMULATION OF POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM IN SPRING WHEAT

Key words: potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus fertilization, growth regulators.

Full text – pdf.

The objective of this study has been to trace the effect of endogenous growth regulators and different phosphorus fertilization levels on the content and accumulation of potassium, magnesium and calcium in spring wheat. The research was based on the results of a pot experiment established on soil of grain size distribution of light loamy sand. The soil was slightly acidic and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Against the background of stable NKMg fertilization (1.5 g N, 1.5 g K and 0.25 g Mg), increasing phosphorus rates (0.0 to 1.02 g P per pot) were tested. In order to compare the effect produced by growth regulators, applied in conjunction with rising doses of phosphorus, the pots were divided into 4 groups according to the sprays: distilled water (control), kinetin, gibberellin and auxin. Kinetin and auxin increased the content of potassium in wheat grain, whereas gibberellin stimulate the removal of this element. Increasing P rates depressed the concentration of potassium in wheat except the oldest leaves. The highest uptake of potassium was observed following an application of 0.68 g P per pot. Gibberellin increased the content of Mg in leaves, glumes, oldest leaves and grain, whereas kinetin and auxin resulted in lower Mg levels. The highest Mg uptake occurred after using 0.68 g P per pot. The plant hormones raised the content of ca in wheat grain. Gibberellin and auxin increased the uptake of calcium by P non-fertilized wheat. Phosphorus fertilization broadened slightly the Ca:P ratio in grain, glumes and stems. Kinetin and auxin narrowed the Ca:P ratio in leaves. Higher phosphoru rates, especially in vegetative organs, narrowed the Ca:P ratio. Gibberellin narrowed the K:(Mg+Ca) ratio in grain and vegetative organs, which in contrast was broadened by kinetin. Auxin broadened these proportions in wheat grain and leaves, while narrowing them in glumes and stems. The lowest and the highest phosphorus rates narrowed the K:(Mg+Ca) ratios in grain and glumes.

Jadwiga Wierzbowska, Teresa Bowszys

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION RATES ON NITROGEN BALANCE IN SPRING WHEAT

Key words: spring wheat, phosphorus fertilization, nitrogen, growth regulators.

Full text – pdf.

A pot experiment was carried out on cv. Jasna spring wheat grown on light loamy sand soil. The soil was slightly acidic in reaction and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Consistent NKMg fertilization rates (1.5 g N, 1.5 g K and 0.25 g Mg) were accompanied by increasingly high doses of phosphorus (0.0 to 1.02 g P per pot). In order to compare the effect produced by growth regulators, applied in conjunction with the growing phosphorus doses, the pots were split into four groups, depending on the sprays applied: distilled water (control), kinetin, gibberellin and auxin. The target was to determine the influence of plant hormones and phosphorus fertilization on nitrogen balance in spring wheat. The content of nitrogen in wheat grain depended mainly on the phosphorus fertilization level, the relationship which became particularly evident following auxin and kinetin application. The highest N concentration occurred when 0.85 g P per pot was used. The growth regulators, auxin and gibberellin in particular, depressed the concentration of nitrogen in grain. The level of nitrogen in glumes and stems was only slightly dependent on the level of phosphorus nutrition. In leaves, it was negatively correlated with the doses of phosphorus. The phytohormones depressed the concentration of nitrogen in stems, oldest leaves and in the flag leaf, raising it in the penultimate leaf. The uptake and accumulation of nitrogen in grain tended to increase up to the phosphorus rate of 0.68 g P per pot. The growth regulators inhibited the accumulation of nitrogen in aerial organs of wheat, especially in grain. Gibberellin, in turn, increased the accumulation of nitrogen in glumes and stems. The contribution of grain in nitrogen accumulation ranged from 62% (without P fertilization) to 68% when 0.68 g P per pot was applied. The growth regulators, especially gibberellin, decreased the ratio of nitrogen accumulated in grain. Protein yield per plant, except wheat sprayed with gibberellin, increased proportionately to the rate of phosphorus.

Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Katarzyna Nowak

DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF SOME MINERALS IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE BABY JUICES

Keywords: mineral components, fruit and vegetable juices, children, infants.

Full text – pdf.

Food is the main source of mineral elements but some are also provided with drinking water and supplements. Juices, for example, are an important source of mineral elements. In infants’ diet minerals are provided mainly by fruit and vegetable purée juices. Infants and young children should be given juices labelled as “special purpose food”. Pasteurised juices are recommended for infants, as they are free of bacteria and toxins, a condition that cannot be completely fulfilled while making juices at home. The aim of the present work was to determine the content of some minerals in fruit and vegetable juices for infants and children under three years of age. The research material consisted of juices, all before their use-by date, purchased in grocer shops in Lublin in January 2006. In total 20 juices were examined, 8 of which were labelled as ‘special purpose food’, 2 were recommended by the National Food and Nutrition Institute and ten juices were labelled as ‘food for young children’. Juices make an important source of minerals in the diet of infants and young children. The most valuable ones are the fruit and vegetable purée juices, as they provide significant amounts of dry mass which includes fibre, minerals and vitamins. Differences in the content of particular mineral elements in juices result primarily from their composition. Although juices for infants and young children should not contain any additives, products without certificates must be treated with caution as it cannot be excluded that some may contain prohibited compounds, e.g. calcium ascorbate or calcium chloride.

Jadwiga Wyszkowska, Jan Kucharski, Agata Borowik, Edyta Boros

RESPONSE OF BACTERIA TO SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS

Key words: heavy metals in soil, bacteria count, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead.

Full text – pdf.

The effect of contamination of loamy sand with single heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺) and with their mixtures on the number of copiotrophic, ammonifying, nitrogen immobilising, cellulolytic bacteria and bacteria of the Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas genera was examined in a pot experiment. The research was performed in two series: with soil sown with oat and unsown soil. It was found that the sensitivity of bacteria to Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ is a specific characteristic related to the content of these metals in soil and to the method of soil use. The development of the bacteria of Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas was most strongly inhibited in the soil sown with oat, while ammonifying, nitrogen immobilising, and cellulolytic bacteria were most inhibited in the unsown soil. Copiotrophic, cellulolytic, nitrogen immobilising and ammonifying bacteria proved to be more resistant to this contamination than bacteria of Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas genera. Increasing the number of heavy metals simultaneously contaminating the soil to two (Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺; Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺; Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺) and to three (Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺; Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺; Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺) generally did not increase the intensity of their effect on the examined bacteria. Changes brought about by these mixtures were usually similar to changes caused by individual heavy metals.

Piotr Żarczyński, Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Sławomir Krzebietke

ACCUMULATION OF MACROELEMENTS IN PLANTS ON NEWLY ESTABLISHED FALLOWS

Key words: fallow, oriental goat’s rue, smooth brome, N, P, K, Mg.

Full text – pdf.

In spring 1996, four types of fallows were established on good wheat complex soil (classified as IIIa in the Polish soil classification system): sown with oriental goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.), traditional fallow, seeded with a mixture of oriental goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and under smooth brome (Bromus inermis). This paper documents the results obtained in 2000-2004. Plant samples (4 x 1 m²) were taken from the fallows once every year at the same plant growth and development stage. The content of macroelements in the plant material was determined using conventional methods. The statistical elaboration of the results was based on the analysis of regression and correlation. The results proved that fallow under perennial plants is superior in activating and cycling nutrients to traditional fallow, overgrown with wild plants. On the other hand, when fallow soil is covered exclusively with a papilonaceous plant (e.g. oriental goat’s rue), it is more likely to experience transfer of nitrates(V) to ground waters. A good solution to this problem could be sowing fields which are set aside as fallows sown with a mixture of oriental goat’s rue and smooth brome. Soil protected by these two plants remains fertile and does not create an ecological risk caused by migrating N-NO₃.

VOLUME 13 - NUMBER 2 - JUNE  2008

Anita Biesiada

EFFECT OF FLAT COVERS AND PLANT DENSITY ON YIELDING AND QUALITY OF KOHLRABI

Key words: kohlrabi, flat covers, spacing, yield, nutritional value.

Full text – pdf.

Kohlrabi is a fast growing, cool season vegetable cultivated primarily for its enlarged stem, which is rich in nutritional components, especially vitamin C and potassium. In two factorial experiment conducted in 2004-2006 there was estimated the effect of plastic covers (perforated plastic film, non woven agrotextile) and plant density (20x15; 25x20 cm) on yield and nutritional value of kohlrabi cultivated in spring season. The significant highest early and marketable yields were obtained from plots covered with agrotextile. The higher density of plants resulted in increased kohlrabi yield. Kohlrabi cultivated under covers had lower level of dry matter, reducing and total sugars. There was not observed the effect of covers on vitamin C concentration. Kohlrabi grown in spacing 20x15 cm contained higher amount of nitrates, vitamin C and reducing sugars in comparison to spacing 25x20 cm.

Anita Biesiada, Eugeniusz Kołota

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF RADICCHIO

Key words: radicchio, nitrogen fertilization, yield, nitrates, macroelements.

 Full text – pdf.

In a field experiment conducted in 2005-2006 the effects of the rate and method of nitrogen fertilization on yield and chemical composition of cv. Indygo radicchio cultivated for summer cropping were studied. Nitrogen was used in a single pre-plant dose or in two rates: as a pre-plant and top dressing application conducted at the start of head formation in the total amounts of 50, 100, 100+100, 150, 100+50, 200, 100+100 kg N×ha^-1. The highest yield and accumulation of nitrates were achieved in the treatment with 100+100 kg N×ha^-1. The content of nitrates in radicchio leaves varied from 1,070 to 1,350 mg×kg^-1 f.m. for the nitrogen rate of 200 kg N×ha^-1 supplied in one pre-plant dose, and from 1,160 to 1,380 mg×kg^-1 f.m. when the same rate was applied in two doses. The method of nitrogen fertilization had little effect on P and Mg concentration. Potassium and calcium level in leaves of radicchio decreased at higher nitrogen fertilization rates.

Kamila Czerniak, Eugeniusz Kołota

EFFECT OF THE TERM OF HARVEST ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SPINACH BEET

Key words: Spinach beet, term of harvest, yield, nutritional value.

Full text – pdf.

In a field experiment conducted in 2004-2006, the influence of the harvest term on yield and crop quality of cv. Lukullus Spinach beet was examined. Seeds were sown to the field in the second decade of April and after thinning left at a spacing 45x25 cm. First harvest of leaves was conducted in mid-July and 2 subsequent harvests occurred in two week’s intervals. The content of dry matter, vitamin C, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined in samples of leaf blades and petioles. The results proved that the yield of Spinach beet increased from 42.46 t ha^-1 in the first term of harvest to 72.04 t ha^-1 and 105.61 t ha^-1 in the subsequent terms. Delayed harvest date appeared to be beneficial for the content of dry matter and vitamin C, and  resulted in the decrement of the amounts of potassium and magnesium as well as in the accumulation of nitrates in plants. Plants harvested later also contained a lower level of phosphorus in leaf blades. Generally, higher amounts of dry matter, potassium and magnesium were observed in leaf blades, while petioles contained more phosphorus, calcium and nitrates.

Jacek Dyśko, Stanisław Kaniszewski, Waldemar Kowalczyk

THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION PH ON PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATO RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF VEGETABLE CROPS

Key words: pH, nutrient solution, phosphorus, straw, peat, rockwool.

Full text – pdf.

Greenhouse experiments with tomato were conducted in the years 2004-2006. The aim was to study the effect of nutrient solution pH on the availability of phosphorus in soilless culture of tomato. Tomato plants were grown on mats made of shredded rye straw, and on slabs of peat and rockwool. The plants were fertilized with a standard nutrient solution of different pH: 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5. Such different pH levels of the nutrient solution used in soilless culture modified the pH of the root growth zone. This effect was more evident in rockwool than in the organic media (especially straw). The phosphorus content in the root zone was closely associated with the pH value of the supplied nutrient solution and the kind of growing medium. Considerably lower concentrations of phosphorus were recorded in the organic media (straw, peat) than in rockwool. As the pH level of the nutrient solution increased, so did the pH of the root zone, whereas the amount of available P-PO₄ decreased. The course of these changes was similar in all the substrates. However, the dynamics of the changes was weaker in the organic media. With an increase in the pH of the nutrient solution, the average phosphorus content in tomato leaves decreased. The P-PO₄ concentration was higher in the leaves of tomato plants growing in rockwool compared to those in the organic media. A significantly higher marketable yield was obtained from tomato plants cultivated in rockwool than in the organic media. For all the growing media, the highest yield of tomatoes was obtained after feeding the plants with the nutrient solution of pH 5.5.

Anna Francke, Joanna Majkowska-Gadomska

EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND METHOD ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RADICCHIO HEADS

Key words: radicchio, planting date, planting method, nutritive value, nitrates.

 Full text – pdf.

The aim of the experiment, conducted from 2005 to 2006, was to determine the effect of planting date (spring, summer/fall) and method (seedlings, direct sowing) on the content of dry matter, selected organic components and nitrates in the heads of Italian chicory radicchio, cv. Palla Rossa 3. Statistical analysis revealed that both experimental factors had a significant effect on the content of dry matter and simple sugars in the edible parts of radicchio. Dry matter content was significantly affected by planting method, while the concentration of total sugars – by planting date. Chemical analysis of the harvested plant material indicated that radicchio grown in the spring contained more dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, simple sugars and total sugars. Plants obtained from seedlings accumulated more L-ascorbic acid and simple sugars, whereas those grown from directly sown seeds contained more dry matter and total sugars. The nitrate content of radicchio heads was found to be significantly dependent on both experimental factors. A significantly higher (by over 33%) concentration of nitrates was recorded in the edible parts of radicchio grown in the summer/fall. The impact of planting method on nitrate content was less noticeable, but radicchio plants grown from directly sown seeds accumulated more nitrates (by almost 11% on average) than those obtained from seedlings. The interaction between the analyzed factors had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, simple sugars, total sugars and nitrates.

Janina Gajc-Wolska, Dawid Bujalski, Agnieszka Chrzanowska

EFFECT OF A SUBSTRATE ON YIELDING AND QUALITY OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER FRUTIS

Key words: rock wool, perlite, wood fiber, term cultivation, chemical composition.

Full text – pdf.

Cucumber has high climatic demands especially in relation to temperature. Humidity, air temperature and UV light intensity are main factors affecting cucumber crop quality and quantity. Due to the instability of the above during the changing seasons in Poland, all-year-round cultivation of cucumber is difficult. In our experiment we used three types of substrates: rock wool, perlite and wood fibre. Cucumber cultivation was carried out in three times of the year. These two were main changing factors of the experiment. Our research proved that the best quality cucumbers was obtained in the second cultivation period – between April and August, due to the optimum climatic conditions for that species. The type of a substrate also affected the quantity of crops – the highest crops were on wood fiber, slightly lower on perlite. Higher content of dry matter, vitamin C, total sugars, calcium and phosphorus was observed in cucumber fruits from summer cultivation and a high content of nitrogen and potassium was found in cucumber fruits from autumn cultivation.

Monika Grzeszczuk, Dorota Jadczak

ESTIMATION OF BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND SUITABILITY FOR FREEZING OF SOME SPECIES OF SPICE HERBS

Key words: tarragon, hyssop, chervil, biological value, freezing, freeze-storage.

Full text – pdf.

The studies were carried out in the years 2003 and 2004 in the Laboratory of Plant Raw Material Processing and Storage and in the Department of Vegetable Crops of Agricultural University in Szczecin. The aim of the experiment was to estimate the biological value, and suitability for freezing and freeze-storage of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L.) were carried out. The chemical analysis were carried out in a raw, frozen and stored material. The determinations included the content of dry matter, total ash, total nitrogen, nitrates, vitamin C as L-ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, total sugars and crude fibre. Among tested in the experiment species the highest amount of dry matter, total nitrogen and nitrates was noted for hyssop. Chervil was characterized by a high content of total ash, total sugars, titrable acidity and L-ascorbic acid. The highest content of crude fibre was found in tarragon. After freezing the level of dry matter, total ash, total nitrogen, crude fibre, total sugars, titrable acidity and L-ascorbic acid decreased. The samples of herbs were frozen and stored at –25 ¸ –27°C for 6 and 12 months. Twelve-month storage had a significant influence on the further decrease of the content of total nitrogen, titrable acidity and L-ascorbic acid. Tested in the experiment spice herb cultivars showed a good ability for freezing and long-period cold storage. The dry matter loss after twelve month storage was on average 1.5%. According to the color, taste and aroma the highest quality after twelve month cold storage was noted for chervil. However, better preservation of L-ascorbic acid was found for hyssop and tarragon.

Dorota Jadczak, Monika Grzeszczuk

Effect of a sowing date on the quantity and quality of the yield of tarragon (Artemisia Dracunculus L.) grown for a bunch harvest

Key words: tarragon, yield, macro- and microelements content, essential oil, L-ascorbic acid, DPPH percent inhibition.

Full text – pdf.

The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of a sowing date (10 April, 25 April and 10 May) on the quantity and quality of the yield of tarragon grown for a bunch harvest. The yields of tarragon plants were assayed in 2004-2006. Chemical analyses were made in the years 2004 and 2005. In the dry plant material, the content of macro- and microelements: total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron and copper was assessed. Moreover, the content of essential oils in dry plant material was estimated. In the raw plant material, the content of L-ascorbic acid and the scavenging effect on DPPH radical were measured. It was proved that the sowing dates had a significant effect on the yield quantity. Significantly higher yield (424.5 kg×100 m^-2) was obtained when seeds were sown on 10 May. The yield significantly decreased when seeds were sown on 10 April. The test sowing dates had no significant effect on the biometrical characteristics of tarragon plants during the harvest; only the leaves were significantly wider when the earliest sowing date was used. The yields were characterized by a high content of mineral compounds. However, the content of iron was twice as high in 2004 as in 2005. Also, the content of zinc and copper was higher in the first year of the study, respectively by 87.2% and 76.9%, compared with the yield obtained in the year 2005. The content of essential oils (mean for years of the study) was 0.59%, that of L-ascorbic acid was 10.08 mg×100 g^-1 f.m. and the scavenging effect of tarragon herb on DPPH-radical was 26.74%.

Grażyna Jurgiel-Małecka, Janina Suchorska-Orłowska

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS IN SELECTED ONIONS

Key words: nitrogen fertilization, microelements content, onion, top onion, shallot.

Full text – pdf.

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on microelements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) content in the yield of onion (Allium cepa L. var. cepa Helm.), top onion (Allium cepa var. proliferum Targioni-Tozzetti) and shallot onion (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum) was examined in a three-year field experiment conducted at the Vegetable Experimental Station in Dołuje. Urea, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate were applied in two different nitrogen doses: 100 kg N×ha^-1 and 200 kg N×ha^-1. The bulbs were planted in field at the beginning of April. The planting density was 30 x 5 cm (onion) and 30 x 10 cm (top onion and shallot onion). During the growing season, the soil tillage and plant cultivation treatments were conducted according to standard methods. Onion and shallot onion were harvested during the last days of July or the first days of August, after 75% of the plants had bent leaves. Top onion was harvested at the end of September. The content of microelements in dry matter of the analyzed plants was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, after wet mineralization of the samples in a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids mixed in a 3:1 ratio. The applied nitrogen fertilization significantly affected microelements in all the tested onions. The content of iron and manganese in onion bulbs increased with the increasing nitrogen doses, while that of copper and zinc decreased. The analysis of the results led to a conclusion that a significant effect on the chemical composition of yield produced by onion, top onion and shallot onion was produced by the applied nitrogen dose but not its form. The content of microelements and extent of the changes caused by the nitrogen fertilization depended on the tested type of onion.

Stanisław Kaniszewski, Jacek Dyśko

EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND CULTIVATION METHODS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF PARSLEY ROOTS

Key words: root parsley, cultivation method, drip irrigation, fertigation.

Full text – pdf.

In the years 2005–2007, research work on the influence of surface and subsurface drip irrigation on the yield and quality of roots of parsley grown on ridges and on flat ground was carried out. Irrigation water was supplied via drip lines, which in subsurface irrigation were placed at a depth of 50 mm below the surface of the ridges, along the centreline between two rows of plants. In the case of surface irrigation, the drip lines were placed on the surface of the ridges between two rows of plants. Irrigation started when soil water potential was between -30 and -40 kPa. Nitrogen fertilizers (100 kg×ha^-1) were applied in two doses. The first dose was applied pre-plant, while the second one was delivered by fertigation. In the control treatment without irrigation, the second dose of nitrogen was applied by broadcasting. Both surface and subsurface irrigation used in the cultivation on ridges and on flat ground had a significant effect on the marketable yield of parsley roots. However, no significant differences in the yield between surface and subsurface drip irrigation were found. The yield of non-marketable parsley roots in flat cultivation was twice as high as that in ridge cultivation. Parsley plants cultivated on ridges produced significantly longer, better-shaped storage roots compared to those cultivated on flat ground. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation significantly decreased the total N and K content in parsley roots.

Waldemar Kowalczyk, Jacek Dyśko, Stanisław Kaniszewski

EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION PH REGULATED WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID ON THE CONCENTRATION OF CL- IONS IN THE ROOT ZONE IN SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATO

Key words: chloride, pH, hydrochloric acid, straw, peat, rockwool.

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The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the years 2004-2006. Tomato plants of cv. Blitz F1 were fertilized with a nutrient solution of different pH: 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5. The required nutrient solution pH was obtained by adding adequate amounts of 65% HNO₃ and 33% HCl. Nitric acid was used to adjust the nutrient solution’s acidity to pH 6.5. Lower pH levels were obtained adding hydrochloric acid. The amount of the acid needed to adjust the nutrient solution pH to a required level was determined against a water acidification curve. Tomato plants were grown on organic media (peat and rye straw) and an inert medium (rockwool). Changes in the Cl- concentration in the root zone during the cultivation period depended on the kind of substrate and the concentration of chlorides in the applied nutrient solution. In the straw substrate, irrespective of the applied nutrient solution pH, higher concentrations of Cl- occurred in the early stages of cultivation. The concentration of chlorides in peat and rockwool increased during the tomato cultivation period at all of the applied pH levels of the nutrient solution. More chloride ions accumulated in the growth substrates when the nutrient solution has lower pH. Higher Cl- concentration was a result of larger doses of hydrochloric acid. However, when pH is regulated with hydrochloric acid, the permissible chloride concentration levels in the applied nutrient solution and in the root zone of tomato plants are not exceeded. As the concentration of chlorides in the nutrient solution increases, so does the Cl- content in leaves of tomato plants.

Jan Krężel, Eugeniusz Kołota

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDING AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF CHINESE CABBAGE GROWN FROM SEEDLINGS FOR AUTUMN HARVEST

Key words: Chinese cabbage, nitrogen fertilization, yield, nitrate content, nutritional value.

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In a field experiment conducted in 1999-2001 the effect of nitrogen nutrition on yield and biological value of cv. Optiko Chinese cabbage grown from transplants for autumn harvest was evaluated. Nitrogen was supplied in a single pre-plant dose in the amounts of 50, 100, 150, 200 kg×ha^-1 or in a split application: 100+50 or 100+50+50 kg×ha^-1, with top dressing conducted 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The results of the study did not show any significant response of Chinese cabbage yield to higher nitrogen rates. The level of nitrogen raised from 50 to 150 kg×ha^-1 was favourable for vitamin C and total sugars content, while the application of 200 kg×ha^-1 had a negative effect on accumulation of these constituents. Split application of 150 and 200 kg N×ha^-1 resulted in decreased vitamin C and dry matter contents in comparison to single pre-plant doses of nitrogen used in the same amounts. Plant heavily supplied with nitrogen contained the highest level of nitrates.

Brygida Wierzbicka Joanna Majkowska-Gadomska, Anna Francke

EFFECT OF SOIL SUBSTRATE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FRUIT OF SOME TOMATO CULTIVARS GROWN IN AN UNHEATED PLASTIC TUNNEL

Key words: tomato, cultivar, soil substrate, chemical composition.

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The effect of cultivar and soil substrate on the chemical composition of tomato fruit was studied in an experiment conducted over the years 2004-2006 in an unheated plastic tunnel. The experimental materials comprised eight tomato cultivars: Atut F₁, Baron F₁, Bekas F₁, Carmello F1, Gracja F₁, Ognik F₁, Słonka F₁, Terra F₁, as well as two types of soil: peat substrate purchas and hotbed soil. Tomato fruit was assayed for the content of: dry matter,  L-ascorbic  acid,  total  sugars, simple sugars, organic acids and nitrates. The levels of dry matter and L-ascorbic acid in tomato fruit were found to be significantly dependent on both the cultivar and the cultivar-substrate interaction. Cultivar Atut F1 had the lowest water content of fruit, while cv. Terra F1 was the richest source of L-ascorbic acid. The fruit of tomato cultivars grown in hotbed soil accumulated more dry matter. Hotbed soil, compared to peat substrate, had a more beneficial influence on the concentrations of sugars and nitrates in tomato fruit. The average N-NO₃ content of the fruit of the investigated tomato cultivars was below the maximum permissible level, whose exceedance would pose a hazard to human health. The fruit of all tomato cultivars accumulated more nitrates when grown in peat substrate. The lowest nitrate content was recorded in cv. Bekas F₁.

Zenia Michałojć, Halina Buczkowska

CONTENT OF MACROELEMENTS IN EGGPLANT FRUITS DEPENDING ON NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND PLANT TRAINING METHOD

Key words: eggplant fruits, nitrogen form, plant training, chemical composition.

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Eggplant fruits are known for being low in calories but rich in minerals, which is good for human health. They are rich in potassium, whose content ranges from 200 to 600 mg K×100 g^-1 of fresh mass, depending on a cultivar. Eggplant fruits are also a source of magnesium, calcium and iron. Research on the agro-techniques of eggplant culture in a plastic tunnel has implicated that, on account of a very intensive growth of the plant, both plant pruning and training have a decisive influence on the final amount of fresh mass. Since we lack information concerning the fertilization recommendation for growing eggplants under a plastic tunnel, a study has been undertaken to specify such nutritional needs of this vegetable. The aim of this work has been to determine the influence of nitrogen forms and plant training methods on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in eggplant fruits. The experiment on cv. Epic F₁ eggplant was carried out in years 2004-2005, with eggplants growing in an unheated plastic tunnel. The eggplants were cultivated in cylinder plastic wraps of 10 dm³ volume, in peat. The experiment was carried out in two stages, in a completely random design, with each stage examining different factors. The following factors were examined: I – nitrogen forms: NH₄⁺ (ammonium sulphate – (NH₄)₂SO₄ (20,5% N); NO₃^- (calcium nitrate – Ca(NO₃)₂ (15,5% N); NH₂ (urea – CO(NH₂)₂ (46% N), II – plant training method: natural form of the plant, 3 shoots. Nitrogen was used in the amount of 10 g N×plant^-1. Samples of fruits used for further laboratory tests were collected in the 2nd decade of August, in the middle of fructification. The fruits were harvested at the marketable stage. N-total, P, K, Ca, Mg were determined in the fruits. The results were elaborated statistically using analysis of variance. Generally, considerably higher content of nitrogen was determined in eggplant fruits fertilised with the N ammonium form; also the content of potassium and magnesium was much higher in comparison to the other nitrogen forms examined. Moreover, significant influence of the plant pruning method on the content of the elements was found, independently of the applied nitrogen fertilization.

Wanda Wadas, Romualda Jabłońska-Ceglarek, Agnieszka Kurowska

EFFECT OF USING COVERS IN EARLY CROP POTATO CULTURE ON THE CONTENT OF PHOSPHPRUS AND MAGNESIUM IN TUBERS

Key words: early potato, perforated film, polypropylene fibre, phosphorus, magnesium.

 Full text – pdf.

Potassium is the main mineral component of potato tubers. With a high level of potato consumption, the crop also supplies the human organism with magnesium and phosphorus. The content of mineral components in potato tubers may change as an effect of agro-technical factors. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the type of cover (perforated polyethylene film, polypropylene fibre) and date of its removal (2 and 3 weeks after plant emergence) on phosphorus and magnesium in tubers of early potato cultivars (Aksamitka, Cykada). The potatoes were harvested 60 days after planting. Accelerated plant growth under covering resulted in the phosphorus content in tubers of cv. Aksamitka being 0.088 g kg^-1 d.m. higher in comparison with thecontrol, but did not affect the content of magnesium. With perforated film used to cover potato plants, an average content of phosphorus in tubers was by 0.217 g kg^-1 d.m than when polypropylene fibre cover was applied. The content of magnesium in tubers was on average 0.067 g kg^-1 d.m. higher under polypropylene fibre cover. Duration of the period when potato plants grew under cover did not significantly affect the phosphorus and magnesium accumulation in tubers.

VOLUME 13 - NUMBER 1 - MARCH  2008

J. B.Diatta, E. Chudzinska, S. Wirth

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOILS IMPACTED BY A ZINC SMELTER ACTIVITY

Key words: metallurgy, heavy metal contamination, index of geoaccumulation, ontamination factor, degree of contamination.

Four metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) were assayed in soils within the impact zone of the Miasteczko Slaskie Zinc Smelter (southern Poland). The investigated area is afforested and has been subjected for a long time to intensive deposition of metal-bearing dusts. Soil pH_KCl varied broadly from very acidic (pH_KCl = 3.4) to slightly alkaline (pH_KCl = 7.2). Organic carbon (C_org) content fluctuated within a large range, i.e., 5.5 – 66.4 g kg^-1, whereas the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was in most cases markedly low (from 1.4 to 5.9 cmol(+)kg^-1), with exception for two sites (C and D) exhibiting values of 26.8 and 15.1 cmol(+)kg^-1, respectively. Total Zn, Pb and Cd contents exceeded manifold their respective levels in the Earth crust (reference value – RV)) as well as those suggested as background levels for Poland (BLP). The assessment of the contamination of soils by these metals was undertaken on the basis of geoaccumulation indices (Igeo), contamination factors  and degrees of contamination (C_deg). The overall metal contamination represented practically two classes: low contamination for Cu; considerable to extreme contamination (in ascending order) for Zn, Cd, and Pb. The contribution (BLP-based assessment) of each metal to the degree of contamination index varied from 2.14 % (for Cu), via 26.33% (for Zn) to quite equally for Cd and Pb, both representing 35.22% and 36.32, respectively. It is worth pointing out that copper was the sole metal to threaten the least (Figure 1) the soils of the investigated ecosystem.

Witold Grzebisz, Małgorzata Wrońska, Jean B. Diatta, Piotr Dullin

EFFECT OF ZINC FOLIAR APPLICATION AT AN EARLY STAGE OF MAIZE GROWTH ON PATTERNS OF NUTRIENTS AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION BY THE CANOPY. PART I.  ZINC UPTAKE PATTERNS AND ITS REDISTRIBUTION AMONG MAIZE ORGANS

Keywords: relative uptake rate (RUR), crop uptake rate (CUR), zinc, maize.

As reported in the paper by Grzebisz et al. (this issue), maize crop treated foliarly with fertilizer zinc at early stages of growth produced significantly high yields. Growth analysis procedures were applied to explain various effects of fertilizer zinc on grain yield increase and zinc accumulation and redistribution among maize organs in the course of the growing season. Therefore, based on the obtained zinc uptake characteristics, two major and one minor, but time-separated hot spots of zinc accumulation by maize plants have been distinguished. The first one, as described by RUR-Zn data, extended from the BBCH-7 to BBCH-9 stages. The second one, as expressed by CUR-Zn data, appeared during the milk stage of kernels growth and could be decisive for kernels sink capacity for accumulating carbohydrates. A minor hot spot, which occurred at tasselling may be responsible for pollen production and activity. The first zinc hot spot has also revealed the diagnostic problem of soil and plant tests for zinc. Current tests tend to overestimate plant zinc nutritional status, and therefore need to be urgently revised. Vegetative organs such as leaves and stems were only the minor sources of zinc for developing maize kernels. During grain filling period, most zinc absorbed by maize plants originated from soil resources.

Witold Grzebisz, Małgorzata Wrońska, Jean B. Diatt1, Witold Szczepaniak

EFFECT OF ZINC FOLIAR APPLICATION AT AN EARLY STAGE OF MAIZE GROWTH ON PATTERNS OF NUTRIENTS AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION BY THE CANOPY. PART II.  NITROGEN UPTAKE AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION PATTERNS

Key words: growth analysis, absolute crop growth rate (CGR), relative plant growth rate (RGR),
                        maize, nitrogen, dry matter.

A two-year field trial was carried out in order to outline reasons of maize grain yield increase due to foliar application of zinc, and to evaluate its effects on the dynamics of nitrogen and dry matter accumulation in the course of the growing season. Growth analysis methods were applied to describe the trends exhibited by the canopy and plant’s growth. Maize plants fertilized with zinc were able to increase the rate of nitrogen uptake, as indicated by the values of absolute crop uptake rate for N (CUR-N), at two distinct time-separated phases of growth, i.e., (i) from 7th to 9th leaf and (ii) from milk to physiological maturity of kernels growth. Physiological processes occurring in these two time-separated phases resulted in an increase of maize yielding capacity. The effect of zinc as recorded in the first phase resulted in extension rate of new organs or tissues ingrowth, as confirmed by the RGR analysis. At the reproductive phase of maize growth, plants well supplied with zinc accumulated more nitrogen, which was a prerequisite for significantly higher rate of dry matter accumulation, as confirmed both by CGR and RGR analyses. The amount of extra nitrogen taken up by Zn treated plants was sufficiently high to increase grain yield by 1.5 t ha-1, which was achieved in the conducted experiment.

Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć 

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM VARIOUS MINERAL FERTILIZATION AND LIMING ON THE CONTENT OF MANGANESE, NICKEL AND IRON IN SOIL AND MEADOW SWARD

Key words: manganese, nickel, iron, soil, meadow sward, long term experiment.

Research on grasslands is conducted to assess the yielding potential and determine changes of sward quality depending on applied fertilization. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the contents of manganese, nickel and iron in soil and meadow sward shaped under the influence of diversified mineral fertilization and liming. The experiment is established in the village Czarny Potok near Krynica, about 720 m above sea level., at the foot of Mount Jaworzyna Krynicka. The experiment was set up in 1968 on a natural mountain meadow of mat-grass (Nardus stricta L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) type with a large share of dicotyledonous plants. Total content of manganese, nickel and iron was determined in the plant and soil material after sample mineralization in a muffle furnace. The studied were extracted with 0.025 mol×dm^-3 NH₄EDTA solution and the content of Mn, Ni and Fe in the solutions was assessed with the ICP-AES method. The content of total forms of manganese was higher in the soil of the limed series. The soil reaction significantly affected amounts of this element extracted with NH₄EDTA solution. Soil liming limited manganese bioavailability and improved the forage value of the analyzed biomass. Small quantities of nickel bound to the soil organic substance were found in the analyzed soil, which suggested considerable mobility of this elements and its translocation into deeper levels of the soil profile, beyond the reach of the plant root system. Liming increased the content of iron forms in combinations with the soil organic substance. Iron deficiency in the meadow sward may have a physiological basis such as difficult iron transport from the root system to aerial plant parts, but it was not caused by limited iron uptake from soil.

Jolanta Grochowska, Renata Tandyrak

PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TROPHIC STATE OF MAŁY KOPIK LAKE NEAR OLSZTYN AND ITS DRAINAGE BASIN AS A SUPPLIER OF BIOGENIC SUBSTANCES

Key words: lake, drainage basin, nutrients, external loading, eutrophication, susceptibility to degradation.

The study was carried out on a small (7.8 ha) and shallow (9.0 m) lake Mały Kopik, situated 9 km on south western from Olsztyn, drainage basin of Giłwa and Pasłęka rivers. The catchment area of the lake is 194.7 ha. Forests cover the most of the drainage basin area (64.2%), agriculture land comprises 28.7% (21% grass land and 7.7% arable land) and urban land – 7.1%. Lake Mały Kopik is not susceptible to degradation (III category), and drainage basin having a great potential for supplying matter to the reservoir, was included in basin category 4. The lake with its drainage basin belong to the 4th type of lake-drainage basin ecosystems. In such a system the natural eutrophication of the lake is expected to proceed at a fast rate. As evidenced in the study, lake Mały Kopik is highly eutrophic reservoir. The lake waters were characterized by a high content of nutrients, up to 0.673 mg P×dm^-3 and 10.61 mg N×dm^-3. The high fertility of the lake was exhibited also by the values of BOD5 reaching 7.5 mg O₂×dm^-3, chlorophyll a content – 50 µg×m^-3, and low water transparency – 2 m.

Jan Kłobukowski, Monika Modzelewska-Kapituł , Danuta Wiśniewska-Pantak, Kazimierz Kornacki

THE INFLUENCE OF SYNBIOTICS ON MAGNESIUM BIOAVAILABILITY FROM DIETS IN RATS

Key words: probiotics, prebiotics, magnesium, absorption, retention, rats, soft cheese.