Degefe Kebede Gemechu
United Nations peacekeeping missions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and practice
INP UWM, Olsztyn 2013, ss. 342
ISBN: 978-83-89559-33-3
Table of Contents
Introduction 15
CHAPTER 1
The Role of the United Nations in Maintaining Peace and Security 41
1.1. Origins and Concepts of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission 41
1.2. The Security Council Power and Responsibility 49
1.3. The Role of the General Assembly 54
1.4. Financing Peacekeeping Operations 59
1.5. Contribution of Poland to the Peacekeeping Operations in Africa 62
1.6. Conclusion 74
CHAPTER 2
The United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo 77
2.1. Background of the First Congo Crisis (1960–1966) 78
2.2. The United Nations Operation Mandate in the Congo (ONUC) 81
2.3. The Death of The Secretary-General and the Katanga Negotiation 91
2.4. The Second Congo War and the Role of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission 96
2.5. “First African World War” and Its Consequences 99
2.6. The Lusaka Agreement 103
2.7. Deployment of the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission 105
2.8. Conclusion 116
CHAPTER 3
The Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) 119
3.1. Background of the Conflict in Rwanda 119
3.2. The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda–Rwanda (UNOMUR) 121
3.3. The Arusha Comprehensive Peace Agreement 124
3.4. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) and Its Mandate 125
3.5. Establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 137
3.6. Conclusion 146
CHAPTER 4 The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) 149
4.1. Historical Background to the Conflict 150
4.2. The Border Dispute and Eruption of War 153
4.3. Efforts of Resolving the Conflict Peacefully by the United Nations Security Council and Organization of African Unity (OAU) 156
4.4. The OAU Peace Process Effort 157
4.5. The United Nations Security Council Recommendations 160
4.6. The Establishment of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) 163
4.7. Cessation of Hostilities and the Algiers Peace Agreement 178
4.6. Conclusion 186
CHAPTER 5
The United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNAMIS) and the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) 189
5.1. Background to the North-South and Darfur Conflict 189
5.2. The Machakos Peace Process and Its Outcome 194
5.3. Deployment of the Peacekeeping Forces 199
5.4. The Challenge of the United Nations to End Sexual Abuse in Peacekeeping Operations 206
5.5. The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) 213
5.6. The Republic of South Sudan Independence and Establishment of the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) 216
5.6. The Crisis in Darfur and the Role of the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) 219
5.8. Conclusion 232
CHAPTER 6
The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) 235
6.1. The Root Cause of the Conflict in Liberia 235
6.2. Cooperation of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) with the United Nations 237
6.3. Child Soldiers in the Liberian Conflict 248
6.4. Human Rights and Humanitarian Situation 251
6.5. Conclusion 251
CHAPTER 7
The United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI) 253
7.1. Origin of the Conflict 253
7.2. Regional Peacekeeping Operation Efforts 255
7.3. The United Nations Pressure Towards Peace 257
7.4. Holding Free and Peaceful Elections 263
7.5. Conclusion 268
CHAPTER 8
Other Past and Present United Nations Missions in Sub-Saharan Africa 271
8.1. The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and Its Origin 271
8.2. Establishment of the United Nations Angola Veryfication Mission I (UNAVEM I) 280
8.3. The United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) 285
8.4. The United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) 291
8.5. The United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) 296
8.6. The United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia (UNTAG) 308
8.7. Conclusion 312
Conclusion 315
Bibliography 325
